Enough is never enough

AHHHHHHHH!! What am I going to wear today? Every morning, this seems to be a problem, even though I have closets full of clothes and no more space to actually place my clothes since every possible place has been filled. But, I feel I don't have enough, because it seems I've worn just that top yesterday and the other â€Å"Gap† black one, on Wednesday. I guess I'll just have to go shopping once more, since I just don't have enough! Enough is never enough. Whether it is a lust for material, social or political â€Å"stuff†, we simply want more. I live in a first world country, with all the luxuries of life in a house, with a delightful 3 times meal, nice, new shiny cars parked outside- allowing me to go whenever and wherever I want. Basically, for most of us here in Canada, it's the best life can ever get! But why is it that we continuously just demand more and more? Or even better we claim we â€Å"need† more. A want, all of a sudden becomes a need – something we couldn't survive without. But, it's no different for me. I have a huge collection of different types of shoes for different seasons, and the collection just seems to be looking old and I actually think it needs an update, because the last time I bought shoes was just last week, when the new boots came out in style. According to the 2001 Survey of Household Spending, Households in Canada spent an average of $57,730 in 2001 on everything from food, shelter and clothing to recreation and travel, which was up 3. 4% from $55,830 in 2000, slightly higher than the rate of inflation of 2. % as measured by the Consumer Price Index (Statistics Canada). This shows the continuous rise in our buying habits, since our thirst for deeper material possessions doesn't seem to have an end. Its not just one person desiring innumerable things but it applies to all of us. The other day my friend was complaining to me, † I know I just came from the salon but I wish I'd get those bangs instead, instead of these layers, so lets go there tomorrow again. † We actually think that's a bit too much, but you know what? It's happening. We aren't just dissatisfied with our looks, but with everything else we own. She just isn't pleased with what she's got! So, then who exactly is? I asked 10 people randomly to find out the answer and the responses I got were surprising. Six out of the ten people were satisfied with what they have and replied in a positive manner. â€Å"You can't be greedy! How much more can you ask for? You have a house†¦ TONS of clothes, food†¦ and all the other â€Å"wants† for entertainment and all the fun things†¦ o yeah totally satisfied â€Å"or â€Å"I'm satisfied with what I have but I also wish that I can have more material and wouldn't mind having more if I were to get it† or â€Å"I'm satisfied for now but I would want more in the future, like in 10 years† and â€Å"I'm satisfied for now, but because there is more out there and we can access it, we want more but just not right now. † The others were complaining about how little t hey have and life would be much better if they had much more. I would fit into that category! My house isn't getting any prettier, even after all the money spent on the antiques and the expensive decorations. I feel it would make the house look much better, if we purchased some paintings. I have a â€Å"56† inch T. V, that seizes half of our living room space but I plan to buy the new flat screen ones, since they are the â€Å"new look†, even though our T. V is precisely perfect. From Internet to Mp3 players, our life is fully complete. Isn't it? But instead of normal speed Internet, we want high speed – faster and advanced, which means our life is complete but we aren't content. We simply just can't see what items we actually do have and what we can use, instead we see what we don't have and just ask for more and more since its never sufficient for us. We're on a continuous search for material. It's a non-stop hunt! It's not a hunt just for material goods but for social and political rights as well. We live in a democratic society that allows us to have more social control over government. We have more communal rights and freedom then many citizens in other countries. We have the guarantee for the freedom of expression, assembly, religion, and the press. We have equal rights just like all the other citizens regarding race or religion. We have mobility rights, legal rights, minority languages, educational rights and democratic rights. However, same sex couples are still asking for same sex marriage rights. Why does it feel that we don't have enough freedom? But, I just thought, we did. Maybe we should be put in a communist country such as China where public criticism of government is not permitted, and the rights of the state take precedence over those of the individual. That way it would be more fun seeing people complain and trying to get their way across to a communist government. Many of us are well employed and the companies we work for promise us many things, such as benefits, but several of the occupations, such as teachers are still asking for a raise in the pay since its not an adequate pay for them. We are paying all those taxes and even though we are getting safer roads and a health care system, in return, we feel it's too much and want a tax cut. Why does it feel like the government is ripping us off? We have the ability to make choices, get education at any age, attend free language classes, read free books at the library, play at the community center but the list just seems to be looking shorter. We are still fighting with the government against the high tuition cost and the small size of the libraries. We are waiting for new political leaders to come into place and change the way things are being done politically, and make decisions that are a benefit to the society or us, which is constantly changing. We can actually never sit down and be thankful for what we have. It's like we are on a constant search for more social and political rights, because the amount of freedom we currently hold, still makes us feel caged. What is the motivation that's asking us to search and fight for extra? What makes us think we don't have enough and we need to consume more? Don't you want to know? One of the reasons may be that day by day, researchers are finding out new technology and ways to make life much easier and more convenient for us. They provide us with gadgets that allow us to carry out several different tasks at one time, which are tempting to have, thereby creating more wants. As fashion builds, with new styles and trends coming out everyday, it overwhelms us with a new look, which is new and exciting, that gives us a satisfying feeling, making it a desire to go out there and devour more. Daily, our wants fluctuate. Overall, society and our own opinions, make us judge about our haves and have not's. Not having one thing at any moment makes us feel we have nothing, therefore making us unsatisfied. The wants of a person, socially also change and as life gets convenient for everybody, we start thinking about people who are in wheelchairs and are disabled in other ways. We ask the government to make ramps into theatres for them and parking lot spaces, especially to meet their safety, creating a social want. As inflation occurs and prices hike up, people want to start earning more, to be able to afford a living and have enough to satisfy their desires and wants, once again creating a social hunger. According to Maslow's Theory, â€Å"People might have enough of food, security, belonging and respect but!!! Enough of self-actualization is harder to attain. In point of fact self-actualization is seen as being somewhat addictive, once experienced it is something that people tend to want more and more of! Moreover people can only really pay attention to self-actualization needs once their more basic needs are satisfactorally met! † (Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs). This theory shows how it's in us that after we pass our needs we move on to our wants, which are innumerable. All these factors, affect for our longing for material goods and social rights since they arise as the need for them occurs. Maybe we do have an explanation of why we are always asking for more and not being delighted with what we actually have. We might just be able to make it through an answer. Do these reasons mean we can just keep on seeking for more and fighting for more? To what extent can these reasons be used and are they a positive impact or a negative one? The question comes down to asking if the desire for more is a good or bad thing? Are we living in a society that sees the long for more, of a good thing benefiting everyone or something against communal values? In my opinion, it depends on the person who's looking at it and the type of want. I guess the citizen or person for example, asking for less tuition fees, of course will see it as a good thing and sees it as a need to lower the costs which will point out all the benefits to all the students, province wide. However, the government will see this as a negative impact on their financial budget and wont see it at all as a financial crisis for students attending universities and colleges. It all comes down to whose point of view we are looking through. In my opinion, if the social or political want is a one that will help everyone in society, and not harm anything, it's an agreeable thing. We can fight and protest for it since it's something only citizens can see and the government can't and its up to us as responsible citizens to have the political leaders open their eyes and recognize that it's for a good cause. It's the only way to be able to improve our society and the world we live in. If companies for example, were asking for laws that would be damaging to the environment such as no pollution control or being able to throw chemicals in the water, they would be seen as a social greed. The government hasn't allowed this law to take place for a specific reason and it should be kept that way. As time passes and changes occur in style and technology the lust for new things seem logical as long as there isn't a continuous desire. We just need to draw a line sometimes to exactly where the limits are for searching and fighting for extra of everything, sometimes that can justify the good and bad. We should be able to stay within them, and the person that exactly decides the limits is – us.

Iphone Marketing Strategy Essay

Apple rank no. 1 as the most admired company by fortune. The actual I-phone was launched through Apple Company during 2006-2007 periods. It uses marketing mix & market segmentation strategies. It maintains high secrecy about its products from getting out in the market. It creates innovative products & services aligned with a digital hub strategy, whereby apple computer functions as the digital hub for digital devices. It fully understands that all aspects of customer experience are important & that all brand touch points must reinforce the Apple brand. There are various kinds of creative advertisements designed by Apple that reflect their products to creative individuals. Various other strategies adopted by apple I-phone are Brand awareness, ease of use, Compatibility with iTunes & Mac/apple products for upgradeability, secrecy is maintained before any high level product launch to increase the inquisitiveness about the particular product & generate keen interest from the market & consumers & it’s promoted as form of new generation hip phone which has bit of a professional touch to it. Due to their secrecy, innovation, branding & product to product connectivity & compatibility, i-Phone is the most sought after mobile device & is the current market leader in the mobile market. I-phone incorporates consumer behavior into their marketing strategies by maintaining a high level of secrecy about their product. They let the rumors fly left & right about their products that only a particular number product units are being produced & sold in the market, which is about to be launched by them, which in turn creates an awe-inspiring hype & buzz over the apple products, This scarcity of product in the market leads the consumer to put a lot more value to the product & push itself furthermore to purchase it. The coy approach has been the company’s mantra since the first I-Phone release, a strategy that has worked to drum up insatiable demand of the consumers. People actually camp out near the shops 24 hrs before the launch of a new I-phone, everyone wants to get their hands on the product before anyone else, it becomes a must have product for the consumers.

How do men treat women in Porphyria’s lover

Also the poem shows how men are the leaders, because in the poem for them to meet up she was the one who had to travel o him in the freezing cold and pouring rain. As well as that it is as though he is embarrassed by her because he is meeting her in a deserted place. The theme of power over women is also explored in Porphyry's Lover by Robert Browning, where the poet makes the narrator of the poem(Porphyry's Lover) repeat the word â€Å"mine† to highlight his possession of her. In addition to this, it is the woman's physical body which is arranged, in such a powerless position which in a weird way represents the power which men hold over women.There is also objectification to women â€Å"And give herself to me reeve†, as though she were an object that cannot object doesn't have any emotions and admire him. Then Porphyry's Lover kills her, think because he wanted that to be the last moment with her as he felt true happiness, â€Å"made my heart swell, and still it grewà ¢â‚¬  think that he thought that she was so happy and content that she wouldn't mind dying there and then. â€Å"l am quite sure she felt no pain†, but she was human and did feel the pain but he didn't see her like that. â€Å"And yet God has not said a word! Because he feels he hasn't been punished by God yet, he feels as though killing her was the right thing to o. My Last Duchess is a poem that has many important themes, one of these themes being objectification to women. The women in this poem known as the last duchess was dismissed as though she were an uncared for object with no feelings. She wasn't allowed to have a life outside of her husband and this was very common in the Victorian era. However this poems showed how if women didn't follow their husbands rules they would be killed, so men may have cared about their wives but they cared more about how they were seen by society.Just because the last duchess blushed near a man and her hand as showing her husband assum ed she was flirting and thought it was necessary to murder her as he thought that because of her he was looking bad to society. â€Å"l gave commands† the speaker said, this phase suggesting how men dominate women. He also says â€Å"Who'd stoop to blame† the word ‘stoop' meaning go down, and society in the Victorian era did not support men to be dominated by women. Having by Carol Ann Duffy is a poem that shows how the loss of a man during the Victorian era could cause major heartache and eternal misery.In the first line she calls him a â€Å"sweetheart bastard† the ‘sweetheart' shows that he is still in love with him but at the same time she hates him we know this from the word ‘bastard'. This is an oxymoron used to emphasis her aggression. The phrase â€Å"wished him dead† shows her desperation and how with each day her anger grows. â€Å"ropes on the back of my hands† is a metaphor which could be representing her veins due to stress and anger or the clenching and unclench of her fist showing that she is still tied to him. â€Å"Spinster. † Is a one-word sentence meaning that she is strung up and outdated.

Classroom effects of a commercially-available video music-and-movement Research Paper

Classroom effects of a commercially-available video music-and-movement program - Research Paper Example Population of study- this study was conducted on fourth grade students’ population. Music has very big influence on students in the society. This affects different classes of being in the society with each of them responding to it in their own ways. Size of study- the study will majorly focus on smaller population of the class. Duration of study- The students will be observed and video taped in 15-minutes for two weeks before I introduce the DVD. I will then use the DVD for 5-minutes before regular lessons daily. DVD This will allow comparative data analysis when the intended gist of this research is concluded. Method of information gathering- there are several methods that can be used in gathering information during research. However, in this case study I will use observation as my primary method of analysis. This will enable me to get first-hand touch of information that will ultimately be useful in drawing the conclusion. Strategy used-.Duration recording will be used as a strategy to calculate the behavior change. This strategy will be used when the change in behavior occurs. I will record the behavior during on and off tasks.

Valuation and Investment Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Valuation and Investment Analysis - Term Paper Example Due to the slow U.S. economy, Best Buy has been plagued by declining sales during the last few years. Although the company reported losses of 2.4% for 2012, it was primarily due to the buyout of Best Buy Mobile for $1.3 billion. For 2013 the company reported a 0.5% loss, but the company was able to record a net profit of 1.3% in 2014 for the first time in the last three years. The company has been working hard to change its operating strategy and trim operations in order to turn around their financial performance. In 2012, the company hired new CEO and turnaround expert Hubert Joly which revised the companys strategy, closed down many of the less profitable big-box store, expanded many of the smaller retail store outlets, expanded their mobile best buy store outlets, streamlined and improved their online operations. Amid competition from giant retailers like Amazon.com and Wal-Mart in the consumer electronics business, Best Buy is looking to redirect their strategy through acquisitions and further expanding their mobile phone business in China and Mexico through their new venture of Best Buy Mobile. The company’s new strategy for their electronic business involves increasing the total number of retail stores, while decreasing their overall square footage in order to decrease fixed costs. The company seeks to improve their on-line revenues and customer experience by offering free shipping and more competitive pricing. By analyzing the companys overall financial performance, financial ratios and performing a valuation analysis this paper will determine whether Best Buy is a good long term investment. In order to evaluate the companys future financial performance I will need to calculate the companys growth rate and average discount rate. The growth rate was calculated by multiplying the return on operating capital by the retention rate. Based

Underground space use with urban sustainability Essay

Underground space use with urban sustainability - Essay Example Underground Space Use with Urban Sustainability Moreover, city planners are faced with a huge task of ensuring that services in urban areas are not disrupted; despite the high number of people streaming to urban centers, the quality of life in cities has to remain unchanged. Moreover, today, there is increasing advocacy on sustainable developments especially with regard to built environment. With increasing awareness on the need to preserve the environment, people are demanding stringent sustainability measures in built environment. Therefore, city planners face a daunting task of deciding the best way to come up with city master plans that ensure sustainability. An approach that has remained untapped in the development of many cities; the approach  promises great opportunities for expansion of cities within sustainable limits is underground urban infrastructure development. Bobylev (2009, 1129) observed that, in order for investors to develop private housing, they require enough transport infrastructure and enough energy supply , which depends on the transport available in such cities. This calls for the need to have proper integration of urban infrastructure development and sustainable development in cities. Therefore, to ensure sustainability despite the growing of urban cities, underground urban development promises potential opportunities, if proper city master plans are prepared to highlight proper urban underground infrastructure designs. Chow et al (2) noted that the ability to maximize space in towns and urban cities would be the greatest challenge for engineers and architectures in the near future. One of the benefits of urban underground infrastructure is that it offers city planners opportunities and space to relocate infrastructure projects such as railway lines, roads, recreational facilities, stores, sports facilities among other amenities. The need for mass transportation services and modern infrastructural development requires new and innovative ways to use the available dwindling space in cities (Chow et al, 3). As a result, efficient use of underground space will ensure planners, developers, landowners and other parties have exciting and untapped opportunities to expand construction projects. Many cities have managed to save huge spaces by designing efficient underground master plans for their transport systems, which has helped not only in reducing congestion but also in maximizing utilization of space in cities. One of the best examples of the huge impacts of underground urban master plan is the London underground station, an underground facility that has managed not only to reduce traffic in the city but also has reshaped the city and utility of space to the best extent possible. The design and the emergence of the London underground station challenged the limits of engineering and city master planning across the globe. The station is an excellent benchmark of what would become of many cities in the future. Space is rapidly becoming scarce while demand for sustainability and the demand for transportation services have increased. Therefore, the London station is an excellent case of typical modernism (Wright, 2011). The tube as it is commonly known made it possible for people to travel between several stations within London at record speeds. As a result, people were no longer willing to live in the city but opted to live away from the city where they can spend a few minutes to get to London (Wright, 2011). T

Cost Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cost Accounting - Case Study Example The charging of the contracts by the company employees is supposed to account for the two types of contracts; fixed-price and cost type contracts. In this case, the contract charging by Jumbo Corporation employees, and the subsequent decision and activities undertaken by Frank and Harold pinpoint to fraudulent activities. This is because the contracts are charged inappropriately by having fixed-price contracts charged to cost type contracts. Even though the company’s accounting system released unidentified contracts in terms of their relative types, the corporation has a foreman in place to direct contract charging for both GO-1 and GO-2. The responsible parties are not executing their relevant duties, and thus the outcome of the contract charging can be termed to be fraud (Vona 157). Frank is guilty based on the unfolding events regarding contract charging in Jumbo Corporation. He is supposed to direct employees on which GO to charge their time. The role played by Frank shows that the corporation’s accounting system was not to blame for the failure to identify GO as to contract type. This failure was supposed to be corrected by Frank by being there to provide directions to the shop employees during contract charging. Instead of doing this, Frank feels that the system is working out for him. In other words, the current contract charging saves him trouble with the management. This is because the company reviews meet what Frank is supposed to achieve on a monthly basis. Although he is aware of the mistake being committed, he stays silent to have the process work out for him even further. This makes him engage in fraud in the sense that he conceals it. Harold is as well guilty of fraud. He noticed the pattern that the charging activities were taking and was pleased by that instead of taking relevant actions to correct the situation. The VP noted that the shop employees charged some fixed-price contracts to cost type contracts.

Breaking Out of Paris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Breaking Out of Paris - Essay Example The stories I could tell you about one celebrity, where he liked to go, and what he liked to do once he got there: you’d be amazed. I was never going to marry any of them, I was just there for the money. I could tell as soon as I went into their house what was sellable, when the maid would be stuck upstairs all day, and how we were going to break in the back and take the lot. Jones was different. He put his hand past me, to lean on the bar, and started quoting me long lines from Surrealist pamphlets and telling me about the freedom of the individual, every few minutes ordering himself another drink, and insisting that I join him. . I don’t know where, or how, but somewhere along the line, I ended up in his room. Once he was asleep, dreams considerably assisted by the consumption of so many cocktails, I went through his things. I know, I know, and you can judge me all you want, but I don’t pretend to be anything more than what I am: a cheap tart with sticky fingers. I have some very pretty dresses though, and I like nice things. As I opened his case, I saw instantly that my first assumptions had been right, and he was not the wealthy young businessmen he pretended to be. There had to have been more than five passports in there, none of them in the name of Cadillac Jones, and each giving a different nationality. I remember staring at the pictures, watching them go fuzzy, and then I don’t remember anything until the next morning. I thought at first he had slipped me a mickey, and I reached out my hand certain that my purse would be gone. Instead, there was a note pinned to the inside: It wasn’t any trouble to get in to see him: I think he knew deep down that this would happen, and he had gone out to find the right women, the thieves and gangs, who could help him pick that lock and walk away. I had thought our meeting a coincidence. Now I know it was as carefully planned and plotted as everything else. He greeted me

News media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News media - Research Paper Example The principle of this article was to make clear to the public about the dangers of meat product consumption. In addition, it would arouse the government to introduce activities that could tame unscrupulous meat packagers and processors. In this sense, this article is intended for responsible entities such as the USDA. It is also projected to the public and institutions such as public schools. For the public, it is vital that they assess the credibility of restaurants and retail houses. On the other hand, the government should attain information about the potent of the current food industry for respective reactions. This is a NY Times piece that was published in the month of October and in the 2009. New York Times is an approved entity that specializes in various kinds of informative articles. They range from investigative reports to reactionary opinions. According to New York Times, Moss is a Pulitzer winning journalist that has been specializing in investigative and informative pieces. In this sense, his pieces would be mostly objective and vent oriented. Mr. Moss has a high level of credibility since he specializes in food industry. His Pulitzer price was based on the E.Coli virus report about Stephanie’s situation. Since 1994, the government banned grocers and meat companies from beef that carries the virulent strain of E.Coli (Moss 1). The scientific name of the virus relates to 0157:H7. It came into public focus in 1994 because of an outbreak which resulted into the deaths of four children. In spite of its age since the 1994 scare, many individuals still sicken of this deadly pathogen. In spite of Ms. Smith’s extreme reaction to E.coli strain, it is discernible that the system was lousy in its meat safety procedures (Moss 1). This is exemplified in the trace of her infection through corporate records and interviews. This makes beef consumption a dangerous

Critically evaluate how the recent recession has been affecting Essay

Critically evaluate how the recent recession has been affecting strategic marketing management practices of Apple - Essay Example By 1980 as the sales of the company were experiencing a high the company also grew considerably in size, by the time the Apple III was launched, the company employed several thousand people and was conducting international business (apple-history, 2013). Lisa and Macintosh are hall mark products of the Apple Company. During the 1980’s the Mac II gave the windows a really tough time, taking it to the verge of a flop, due to its expandability and viability (apple-history, 2013). The release of power books in 1991 put Apple back in the race it was losing against windows 3.0, and advancements were being made at the same time towards the PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) (apple-history, 2013). Formerly known as Apple Computer; Apple Inc. is currently the biggest tech company in the world that employs more than 49,400 people and gross profit of more than $ 65 billion (Rodrigo, 2012). Competitors Apple’s competitors in the technology and computer industry are Microsoft, Dell, M otorola, LG, and Nokia. ... comes from its diverse line and range of products and the software and hardware integration of their range of products; which they have achieved over the years (Magee, 2011). Apple has led to the jointed manufacturing of computers and mobile devices, whereas this was previously done by separate companies (Magee, 2011). This allows for shared functioning and information processing, connectivity is the main feature giving these products a competitive edge (Magee, 2011). Impact of Recession The recession did not impact Apple Inc. as expected and rather than suffering massive losses like its counterparts it just received a jolt at its retail stores (MaCNN, 2009). The number of visitors per Apple retail store suffered a drop of 1.8%, and the revenues fell 17.4 percent (MaCnn, 2009). 2008 saw a drop for the company’s revenues by 0.6 percent in the last three month period (Oliver, 2009). Apple saw the revenue decrease on per store basis but as a whole the Mac sales increased year ove r year as compared to 2008 (Oliver, 2009). Apart from suffering a drop in terms of visitor per retail store the concept that Apple retail store follow, showed the success of the strategies employed by Apple (Oliver, 2009). According to Carl Howe, who is the director of consumer research for the Yankee Group said that the company is really tested during a recession, and for Apple, the ‘ think different’ motto appears to be working really well (cited in Rodrigo, 2012). Where economies, banks and companies have drastically suffered at the hands of the recession, Apple has maintained its record sales. Recession tests companies by better execution and Apple is achieving that (Howe, cited in Rodrigo, 2012). Apple’s share value doubled during 2008, the year the recession hit the hardest and

Tools of Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Tools of Monetary Policy - Essay Example We consider these one by one in what follows. i) The required reserve ratio To understand the operational mechanism of this particular monetary policy tool, it is imperative to understand what the monetary base of an economy is. Essentially, the monetary base of an economy is defined as being the sum total of all cash holdings and reserves in the economy, i.e., the monetary base MB = C+R where C = currency/checkable deposits and R = total reserves. Further, R = RR+ER where RR is the required reserves and ER is the excess reserves. Required reserves are determined through the required reserve ratio (r) which is set by the central bank. The central bank sets the ratio of total deposits that commercial banks and other financial lending institutions have to hold as reserves. The excess reserves are the reserve holdings maintained by these banks for liquidity concerns or prudence over and above the stipulated required reserve holdings. The required reserve ratio is the policy tool by regu lating which the central bank can control the amount of excess reserves and thus loanable funds of the banks. Thus by controlling these reserves the money supply in the economy can be regulated. If the central bank intends to undertake expansionary monetary policy it can do so by relaxing the reserve requirement and consequentially increasing the amount of loans that can be made in the economy. If on the other hand it needs to conduct contractionary monetary policy, it can do so by making the reserve requirement more stringent. ii) The discount policy The discount rate is one of the monetary policy tools of the central bank of an economy. It is the rate of interest that the central bank charges for short term loans that it forwards to other banks that require such loans to cover shortages in their liquidity requirements. Discount policy affects the money supply of an economy through two channels: first, by affecting the discount rate on loans and thus in turn affecting the amount of loans indirectly and secondly, by altering the amounts of the short term loans directly. In case of the first channel, that is changing the discount rate, this may or may not have an impact on money supply depending on the position of the demand for reserves (RD). The effect of increasing the discount rate on the money supply is shown below in diagram 1. In part (a), the demand for reserves is not high enough and as a result there are no changes in the equilibrium reserve holdings. In part (b) there is a high demand for reserves and as a consequence, there is a decline in the equilibrium reserve holdings. Figure 1: Impact of increases in the discount rate In the diagram above, there is an increase in the discount rate from to . Consequentially the supply of reserves schedule rises from to . However, observe that in part (a) the demand for reserves are lower than in part (b). In particular the demand for reserves schedule is not high enough in part (a) to substantiate any efficacy o f increasing the discount rate. In fact in such a scenario, a decline in the discount rate could have an impact by increasing the equilibrium reserve holdings if the rate is lowered below the bank rate. However, this will make sense if the resulting effect of increased money supply is the desired result. As a result, albeit the increase in the discount rate leads to a rise in the supply of reserves, there is no change in the equilibri

Video game controversy Essay Example for Free

Video game controversy Essay Technology has (had) come a long way since the early years of life. The use of technology to humans, is to enhance or improve whatever it may be to have a much quicker advancement or have a better and easy going lifestyle. But in the more recent years, technology has turned for the worst. Specifically speaking, video games. Video games in its early years were meant for a positive use, much like any other type of game; to simply act as a fun activity to pass time. That is not the case anymore because of how dangerously advanced and addicting video games can be. In fact it’s so dangerous nowadays that countries like South Korea are contemplating whether or not to ban video games. Why is it dangerous? Video games influence a type of negative social behavior, has a direct correlation to the cause of Insomnia, and is relevant to the increasing obesity rates in America. Playing video games can lead to many negative effects on a person. Video Games influence a type of negative social behavior. â€Å"The effects of videophilia are substantial and include obesity, attention disorders, lack of socialization and poor academic performance† (Video Game Addiction). The person (game player) may lose social skills and qualities depending on the level of video game addiction. Usually, the player is spending so much time on the game that he/ she is neglecting other areas of life. A common sign of video game addiction is constantly talking about the game almost constantly. â€Å" It is more likely to talk down upon a peer after a violent video game session† (Tiret). These types of social skills are not acceptable to continuously practice. The people that talk down on peers because of the violent video game session could go into depression or anxiety because of what others say or think about them. Young Children love playing rated M 18+ games that contain violence and other profound content (Parks). â€Å" the more time children and teens spend playing violent video games the more likely they are to display aggressive behavior† (Tiret). The more violent the game is, the more violent the player will be. It’s morally wrong to be mean for absolutely no reason towards other human beings. The effects on aggressive behavior can be long lasting (Tiret). A build up in anger is not healthy. If the constant aggression keeps up, the aggressive person will be ostracized by classmates or friends. Insomnia is easily caused by the lack of sleep, which is a common symptom of a video game addict. â€Å"Studies have shown that people deprived of contact with nature were at greater risk of depression and anxiety† (Wilderness Adventure). â€Å"In a study by Breslau and associates, patients with insomnia were nearly 4 times more likely to suffer major depression than those without insomnia† (Johnston). A depressed person will look at everything negatively and have no motivation to go outside. The person may even view his/ her life not even worth living. Stress and depression can be caused by a variety of things resulting in insomnia. Stress may be caused by hours on the computer playing a game without rest. Depression may hit the person, depending on intimacy with the video game, once he/she loses a lot. â€Å" insomnia and its associated daytime sleepiness had significant negative effects on cognitive functioning and impaired their subjects’ ability to perform ordinary tasks† (Johnston). â€Å"Excessive Sleepiness has been linked to learning disabilities in children and cognitive and memory problems in adults† (Johnston). If this keeps up then the next generations will become less capable than the ones before which shouldn’t happen. Remembering what you ate for breakfast will be very difficult. â€Å"Poor sleep hygiene includes an irregular sleep schedule, stimulating activities before bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mayo Clinic). The ‘stimulating activities’ could translate into playing video games before you sleep. The effects of the stimulating activities causes the person to stay awake longer in bed. Some argue video games can be healthy to a person. One of the biggest positive effects video games can have on a person is the fact that makes people happy. As a result, video games have become an easy scapegoat for numerous violent tendencies and social behaviors. Video games are indeed a scapegoat, but it doesn’t hide the fact that the people who play these games as a scapegoat are neglecting themselves from the real world. These people will not get to experience what it’s really like in the real world. Based on solid scientific evidence, video games may actually fill basic human needs that the real world fails to satisfy (Shapiro). This applies to people who have social anxieties causing these people to refrain from the outside even more. The people are not completely solving their problems, only temporarily. It is not the game’s fault for these negative effects. There are millions who play the game and don’t go out and do the negatively portrayed actions on the news. The criminals mention the games’ names and blame the games. Violent games are very influential on a person. â€Å"Reality is too complicated to blame playings games, moving pictures, or letters on a page† (Parks). Games are where people get ideas from. Life is commonly sealed into one perception for a person, and curiosity comes from ideas that have never been heard of before. Addiction of video games can easily lead into obesity which is a dangerous and lethal disease. Video games create an obstacle for children. â€Å"Children today spend an average of 6 hours each day in front of the computer and TV, but less than 4 minutes a day in instructed outdoor play† (Wilderness Adventure). There is an extreme amount of physical inactivity. The calories are not burned which turn into fat later on. â€Å"Getting less than seven hours of sleep a night can cause changes in hormones that increase your appetite† (Mayo Clinic). Less sleep IS a vital cause of obesity. Eating most of your calories at night contributes to weight gain. â€Å"Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide than underweight† (WHO). Being overweight and obese brings cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and even some cancers. The obese people are not outside and running which leads into no training for the cardiovascular system. While playing video games, gamers do not pay attention to what they eat which could lead into a massive buildup of diabetes. â€Å"More than 40 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2011† (WHO). 41% of certain cancer burdens are attributable to overweight and obesity. Children who play video games fit into this category. The topic of video games being perceived as a positive thing today is growing out of hand. It’s like spreading a humongous lie to gullible innocents. Affecting social behavior in a negative manner, causing obesity, and developing insomnia are serious matters. The negative effects of playing video games are severe and the idea of playing video games should not be taken lightly.

Illiteracy Rate Of Mozambique At A Glance Education Essay

Illiteracy Rate Of Mozambique At A Glance Education Essay The purpose of our research is to have a better understanding about the condition of illiteracy in Mozambique such as the reasons of high illiteracy rate in Mozambique, gender issues and solutions to reduce illiteracy. Illiteracy is defined as the condition of being unable to read and write. Our area of study is focused on Mozambique which is one of the country of Bottom Billion. We also hope to raise the awareness among all nations about the importance of education through this research. The sampling method we used throughout this research is purposive sampling and snowball sampling. We have sent out our questionnaire which consists of 9 questions to 30 respondents who came from Mozambique. They are all full time students resident in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). Each of them is given 15 minutes to answer the questions. Our research is a small scale study which concentrates only on Mozambican students in UTP. From our research, we found out that most of the respondents grade illiteracy rate as average. Besides, the main reason behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique is due to insufficient budgets. Female has higher illiteracy rate than male is because of the cultural background of Mozambique. Introducing more high quality teachers and provide enough facilities are among the effective solutions to reduce illiteracy rate, as stated by our respondents. In conclusion, the Mozambique government should revise their current plan in reducing the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Besides, the government should also compromise and develop strategies with international communities to contain enough funds for education facilities and adult literacy programs, so that every Mozambicans can gain access to basic education. The limitations of our research are that our scope of study is narrow and it does not represent the overall opinions of every Mozambicans. Thus, the research is encouraged to be carried out outside UTP with a larger group of respondents involved, so that the data obtained is more reliable. The time allocated to complete this research should be increased too, in order to intensify our understandings and researches on the illiteracy in Mozambique. CONTENTS Abstract à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.2 Chapter 1: Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. pg.4 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Mozambique (Country Context) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. pg.6 2.2 History of Literacy in Mozambique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.6 7 2.3 Statistics of Illiteracy in Mozambique .à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. pg.7 8 2.4 Structure of the current educational systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. pg.8 2.5 Reasons, solutions and consequences regarding illiteracy pg.9 10 Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Overview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.11 3.2 Population/Sample à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.11 3.3 Location à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. pg.11 3.4 Limitation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.11-12 3.5 Sampling technique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. pg.12 3.6 Procedure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.12 3.7 Materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. pg.13 3.8 Statistical Treatment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. pg.13 Chapter 4: Results à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. pg.14 18 Chapter 5: Discussion 5.1 Reason behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.19 5.2 Effects of illiteracy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. pg.20 5.3 Illiteracy rate among women and men in Mozambique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.20 5.4 Solutions to overcome illiteracy in Mozambique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.20 21 5.5 The role of the international communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. pg.21 5.6 Limitations and Recommendation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.22 Chapter 6: Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pg.23 References à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. pg.24 25 Appendix Sample Questionnaire à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. pg.26 27 Chapter 1: Introduction Our group has decided to study the issue of illiteracy which still exists, in fact, getting more serious for the Bottom Billion. Based on Oxford dictionary, illiteracy is defined as the condition of being unable to read and write. It can be further explained as the ignorance resulting from not reading. The Bottom Billion refers to those people living in impoverished countries which fail to progress, despite international aid and support. Collier (2007) points out that the majorities of the 5-billion people in the developing world are getting richer at an unprecedented rate, however, a group of countries, where mostly in Africa and Central Asia, are stuck and that development assistance should be focused heavily on them. In this context, the conflict of illiteracy is rather important and need to be resolved immediately. Our area of study is focused on Mozambique. Mozambique situated in south eastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, with almost 17.5 million inhabitants living in an area of 801,590 km2. The countrys main economy is based on agriculture where more than 70% of the population live in rural areas and work mainly in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. In All Africa (2011), Deputy Education Minister Augusto Jone pointed out that the illiteracy rate was 60.5% when the First Literacy and Adult Education Strategy were approved in 2005, however in between 2005 and 2010; the rate was cut to 48.1%. Besides, South African Press Association (2007) stated, Ernesto Muianga, the national director of adult education in the ministry of education and culture said illiteracy level in the country is still low where only seven out of 100 Mozambicans could read and write. Melo (n.d.) mentioned that Mozambique is still lack of schools and teachers to guarantee education for the nations youth after independence in 1975 where an estimated 60% of adults still cannot read and write, with the illiteracy rate higher among women. These studies focused on the illiteracy rate in Mozambique which has fluctuated. Our research paper is to get a better understanding and to investigate the condition of illiteracy in Mozambique. The increasing interest in the issue of illiteracy has heightened the need for education as a necessary element of development and fundamental human right. An educated population is essential to national development. Education is considered a key factor in promoting social well-being and in poverty reduction because it can have a positive impact on national productivity. This investigation hopes to create awareness among all nations so that the development of a country and human civilization is not neglected due to insufficient education. Our research paper hopes to answer the following questions: What are the reasons behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique? What are the effects of illiteracy? Why is the illiteracy rate among women higher than men in Mozambique? What are the solutions to overcome illiteracy in Mozambique? How effective is the role of the international community in helping to improve the situation? We hope our research paper is able to answer these questions. To complete this task, interview has been used as methodology. Our respondents are the Mozambiques students studying in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) so that we can obtain the information directly. Our numbers of respondents are expected to be around 30. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Mozambique (Country Context) Mozambique, with almost 17.5 million inhabitants living in an area of approximately 801590 km2, has the highest population among the former Portuguese African colonized country. (Mario Nandja, 2005) The main economy of Mozambique is depends on agriculture. Thus, most of the Mozambicans live in rural areas which make up of 70% of total population. They work mainly in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. According to the World Bank (2011), Mozambique also have large share of youth population with about 44 per-cent of population is younger than 15 years old. After independence from colonization of Portugal for about 470 years in 1975, Mozambique was left with a very high illiteracy rate among adults with the illiteracy rate of about 93%. According to USAID (2009), an estimated of 60% of adult is still unable to read and write in 2009 where the rate decrease for about 33% with higher illiteracy rate among female. 2.2 History of Literacy in Mozambique During the colonial period, formal education in Mozambique was provided by Koranic schools in Muslim towns. In 1907, education is conducted in Portuguese and some other native languages, where schools and textbooks were subjected to government approval. The class of Assimilados was firstly introduced in 1927 which separates Africans who possess a fluent command of Portuguese. In 1930, the education system has reached an amount of 47 elementary schools with 11217 students, 186 rudimentary schools where basic Portuguese were taught to just fewer than 30000 Africans and one secondary school in the capital of Mozambique. (Wikipedia, 2012) Unfortunately, in the Mozambique Civil War (1977-1992) after the national independence from Portugal in 1975, schools were a particular target of Renamo attacks which causes the literacy rate decreases from 20% in 1983 to 14% in 1990. According to Mario and Nandja (2005), this first phase of education, from 1975 until the mid-1980, has recognized the importance of education as one of the main element of the national education. Mario and Nandja states that: This phase was marked by a dynamic and multifaceted process in which the people were mobilized in national reconstruction tasks, forging national unity and affirming their Mozambican identity. Accordingly: a number of nationwide adult literacy and education campaigns were conducted; a series of planned and agreed adult education and training schemes involving particular enterprises, communities and social sectors considered strategic for the social and economic development of the country were launched. From mid-1980s until 1995, the second phase of education in Mozambique went on and was marked by a substantial reduction in adult literacy and education activities owning to the escalation in the destabilization war. When National Adult Education Department was disbanded, this phase ended where their activities were taken over by National Basic Education Department. The third and as well as the last phase began in 1995 and is still going on that it can be as a process of rediscovery and rescue of adult literacy and education. In 1998, United Nations has estimated a literacy rate of 40% in Mozambique, where the literacy rate among women was almost half of the men. 2.3 Statistics of Illiteracy in Mozambique According to United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (2012), the adult literacy rate of Mozambique in 2009 is 55.06% out of the total population of people aged greater than 15 years old. For Malaysia, the adult literacy rate in 2009 is 92.46%. The difference between the two countries is about 37.4%. The youth literacy rate of Mozambique in 2009 is 70.87% whereas for Malaysia is about 98.55% (Index Mundi, n.d.). The difference is approximately 27.7 % which is 10% less than the difference for adult literacy rate. The rate of youth literacy is higher than the adult literacy for both countries. Similarly, CIA World Factbook (2009) stated that the literacy rate of Mozambique is 47.8%. If compared with worlds highest literacy rate countries such as Andorra, Finland, Georgia, Greenland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway and Vatican City which have 100% rate of literacy, Mozambique is about 52.2% lesser. Mozambique is ranked as 199 out of 213 countries for the world literacy rate. (CIA World Factbook, 2009) Women have high illiteracy rate if compared with men in Mozambique. According to the data published by the National Institute of Statistics in 2004, the illiteracy rate for female is 69% whereas male with 38% of illiteracy rate only. However, Millennium Development Goals (2010) as cited in United Nations Development Programme (n.d.), reported that the illiteracy rate of female has decreased as time goes, with about 66.2% in 2004 and dropped to 56% in 2009 after the launching of the literacy programmes. It also stated that the female literacy rate in rural areas is 31.3% while in urban is 70.1% 4. Structure of the current educational system Currently, there are several policies in Mozambique that govern the education system. Among them, the most noticeable are the Republic of Mozambique, which states that every citizen has the rights to receive education and education consists of a means of achieving national unity, eradicating illiteracy, mastering science and technology and providing citizens with moral and civil values. The 1990 Constitution enshrines modernized the National Education System (SNE), bringing it into line with the new economic and political model. Besides, the eagerness of government and society in reducing the illiteracy rate due to the awareness towards the importance of education in the development of the country is further highlighted through the implementation of Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty (PARPA) which defined literacy and adult education as primary goals in education programme from 2001 to 2005 as well as the National Strategy for Adult Literacy and Education and for Non-F ormal Education (AEA/ENF) to eradicate illiteracy. The purposes and objectives of Education For All (EFA). (Mario and Nandja, 2005) 2.5 Reasons, solutions and consequences regarding illiteracy According to Mario and Nandja (2005), the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique is because most of the population does not have an adequate and full command of Portuguese, the countrys official language after the colonization of Portugal. Despite the governments intention to increase funding budget for education, the amount instead remained the same without much significant difference. It is undeniable that the country has developed since its civil war but ineffective policies, government mismanagement and prolonged drought have haunted its economy. Mozambiques annual budget depends much on foreign assistance and a large of the population lives under extreme condition. As mentioned by Linden and Rungo (2004), due to insufficient budget, the condition during learning is considered bad. The students face an amount of problems, such as lack of information, lack of classrooms and learning materials and inconvenient timetables. Lessons under a tree or in buildings of weak construction are co mmon. These results in some of them have negative attitude towards the path of learning. Well, according to de Melo (n.d.), the reason behind the high illiteracy rate is mainly due to the legacy of colonialism and 16-year civil war. Also, in this context, gender inequality plays vital role in contributing to the high rate of illiteracy. Mario, Nandja (2006), and Linden, Rungo (2004) highlighted the effect of unequal gender opportunities towards this issue. Linden mentioned that women seemed to be more interested in programmes specialized to enhance their lives and well-being of their families. Cultural background also affects significantly, where many women dropped out as they were kept at home when family members need care or the family ran out of money. There are also cases where men do not allow their wives to attend classes. They feel that womens responsibilities are to stay at home, handling chores and it is pointless or rather ridiculous for them to learn new knowledge. To most of them, they assumed that wives must not be smarter than their husbands because if they do, they will start to disobey and become disobedient, opposing the usual cultural background. After all, due to the high illiteracy rate, there a lot of measures that has been done in order to control and rectify this problem. de Melo (n.d.) told us that  actually, IBIS has been working on 2 programmes, Education for Change in Rural Communities (ECRC) and a Governance programme. In ECRC, it is known that this intervention aimed to upgrade teachers training in the poorest parts of the countryside besides ensure better educational methods in the classroom with improved teaching materials. The main objective of ECRC is to introduce new concepts that underpin and inspire the reformations of Mozambican education. On the other hand, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has employed a food security strategy which provides rural Mozambicans knowledge to be used to increase their incomes. To reduce the consequences brought by illiteracy, USAID recognized this problem by providing funds to literacy instructors in 10 specified rural districts to supplement the governments struggling literacy program. In addition, the Ministry of Education of Mozambique is expanding its adult literacy program and now are able to incorporate the USAID-funded instructors into its payroll. (USAID, 2009) Community, school and technology are the three fundamental components in order to improve literacy. As globalisation occurs, Karchmer, Mallette, Soteriou and Donald (2005) strongly agree the importance of ICTs as the central technology for eradicating illiteracy. Hargreaves (1994), as cited by Glover and Law (2002), stated that the teaching force should be trained and retrained in order to cope with the demands of a national agenda for school improvement. Self-evaluation is also important in improving literacy rate. Education system in a country should aware about the initiative to develop a more effective planning processes, monitoring and evaluating techniques. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Overview This chapter would focus on the methodology that was employed to enable the collection of data from the respondents points of view regarding the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Our task is to give out questionnaires to find out whether the causes, effects and solutions that we had listed out in the past chapters were agreed by our Mozambican respondents. These questionnaires were then compiled and the information obtained were analysed and interpreted. 3.2 Population/Sample To conduct our research to find out more about the illiteracy rate in Mozambique, 30 individuals which were full-time students at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) were randomly selected to answer the questionnaires, we had prepared beforehand. Our respondents were fellow students of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), who came from Mozambique to further their studies in our country. They were from different courses, programmes and social background. 3.3 Location Our location for the research was in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). The campus is built on a 400-hectare (1,000 acre) site strategically located at Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. All of our respondents lived inside the campus. Majority of our respondents lived in Village 2, while some lived in Village 1, Village 5 and Village 6. 3.4 Limitation There were some of the limiting conditions that affected the accuracy of our research paper. For example, there were limited Mozambican students in our university to be respondents which mean we could not get sufficient information in details from that country. In addition, we had to search for them in order to have the questionnaire session because of the limited Mozambican students in our university. Besides, there were some conditions where the Mozambican students were reluctant to collaborate to carry out the research where most probably were due to their heavy language accent and some miscommunication. 3.5 Sampling Technique The sampling techniques that we used were snowball sampling and purposive sampling. Using the snowballing technique, we found a group of Mozambican students to reach our target of 30 respondents by contacting some of our Mozambican friends. This technique helped us to obtain the information easily and precisely by approaching the Mozambican community in our University. The Mozambican community in our University are definitely literate and is able to aid in our research. 3.6 Procedure The questionnaires were based on the respondents opinions on aspects related to the research, multiple choice questions were provided. Firstly, we contacted our Mozambican friends and went to their room to conduct the research. The Mozambican friends were helpful to bring us to meet the others Mozambican students in UTP and some even gave us their friends contacts for us to approach them. Mostly, we met them at their place of living and some in front of the market in UTP. We had also borrowed a car to reach Village 6 to approach the respondents there. All respondents were given fifteen minutes to complete the questionnaires on the spot. We had explained the questions in the questionnaire to those who didnt understand and assisted them while answering to complete the research. After the time limit, we collected the questionnaires back and thanked them for their co-operation. The collected quantitative data was analysed and illustrated in tables, bar graphs and pie charts as in the res ults section. 3.7 Materials We decided to use a quantitative method, instead of qualitative to obtain our results in regarding to the topic of research. We prepared a set of questions with 9 questions for them to fill up with multiple choice questions provided. Besides, we also provided a grading scale from very poor to excellent, from low to high or from strongly disagree to strongly agree, to ease the respondents answers and feedback. (Refer sample of questionnaire in Appendix 1) 3.8 Statistical Treatment After we obtained the results or questionnaires from the respondents, we compiled the questionnaires according to the answers they had done. After that, we compared each questions and the answers in one questionnaire with the others. With different responses from the respondents, the data were able to compile effectively and efficiently. The answers from the 30 respondents are calculated and converted into percentages. Then, we substituted the information obtained into pie chart and bar chart form for easier analysis. Lastly, the statistics obtained from our results are interpreted and further discussed in the discussion section. Chapter 4: Results Figure 4.1: Illiteracy rate in Mozambique According to the column chart above, most of the respondents consider that the illiteracy rate in Mozambique is neither high nor low. Figure 4.2: Reasons for higher illiteracy rate in female than in male According to the pie chart above, cultural background is the main reason behind the high illiteracy rate among female. Figure 4.3: What illiterate affect the most According to the pie chart above, illiterate affects employment prospects the most. Figure 4.4: Reasons for the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique According to the pie chart above, insufficient budget is the main reason behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Figure 4.5: International community in helping to reduce illiteracy rate in Mozambique From the column chart above, most of the respondents disagree that international community is helping in reducing illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Besides, the statistics above also shows that the percentage of respondents grade it as Average and Agree are the same. Figure 4.6: Education system in Mozambique According to the column chart, most of the respondents feel that the education system in Mozambique is considered average. Figure 4.7: Public awareness towards education in Mozambique As shown in the column chart above, most of our respondents grade the public awareness in Mozambique towards education as average whereas none of them grade it as very poor. Figure 4.8: Effort of government in reducing illiteracy rate in Mozambique From the column chart above, most of the Mozambicans grade the effort of government in reducing illiteracy as average whereas only 10% of respondents grade it as very poor. Figure 4.9: Ways to reduce illiteracy rate in Mozambique According to the pie chart above, high quality teachers and sufficient facilities show the highest percentage proportion in the ways to reduce the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Chapter 5: Discussion In this chapter, the quantitative results are discussed with the support of past research. Similarities and differences between the results and our literature review are explained logically and concluded for a more comprehensive discussion. The aim of this discussion is to investigate the reasons, consequences, solutions and the role of international community in regarding the illiteracy in Mozambique. 5.1 Reason behind the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique In Figure 4.1, 33.67% of the respondents think that the illiteracy rate in Mozambique is considered average, where in fact; the adult literacy rate of Mozambique in 2009 is 55.06% which is at a place of 199 out of 233 countries. The illiteracy rate is still most likely to be high, as approximately half of the Mozambican community is illiterate. In our study, there are only about 13.33% of our respondents considered the illiteracy rate in Mozambique as very high. None of them chose very low while grading the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. This is contradicting to our literature review which is possibly due to the low public awareness, specifically from the respondents. Furthermore, it was found out that the major reasons that contribute the most to the high illiteracy rate in Mozambique is due to insufficient budget where 40% of the respondents supported as shown in Figure 4.4. After the independence of Mozambique from Portugal in 1975, surviving from the colonization era and the Mozambique Civil War which happened from 1977 to 1992, these probably result to insufficient budget and then the abandonment of education. Linden and Rungo (2004) mentioned too that, due to insufficient budget, the condition during learning is considered bad. The students face an amount of problems in the learning process which further results to the unresolved illiteracy problem in Mozambique. The education system in Mozambique is a catalyst to improve literacy rate. In Figure 4.6, 40% of our respondents rate the current education system in Mozambique as average. Several policies in Mozambique that govern the education system are not noticeable, which indirectly causes the low level of respond from the Mozambican community. To achieve Education for All (EFA), a good education system provides a strong basis to attract the awareness of all Mozambicans, and to eradicate illiteracy. 5.2 Effects of illiteracy Figure 4.2 shows 46.67% of our respondents feel that illiteracy affects employment prospects the most. The respondents realize that being literate and armed with knowledge are able to guarantee a job with promising aspects. In addition, the current condition in Mozambique depends mostly on agriculture, forestry and fishery as their main source of income. Mozambicans have to go by leaps and bounds to develop an advanced country, by exploring industries that require high qualifications and education, where literacy plays a pivotal role in increasing chances of employment prospects. Only 10% of them think that illiteracy will affect family life. This low value is likely to show that the awareness of education is still low. They may feel that they have adapted themselves perfectly in the traditional way, ignoring the importance of literacy and progressing. 5.3 Illiteracy rate among women and men in Mozambique Based on Figure 4.2, 56.67% of the respondents stated that illiteracy rate among women is higher than men because of cultural background. It has been a tradition that males are the leader and also the sole bread winner of the family, whereas females should stay at home to do the house chores and nurture their children at home. Females are always prohibited from learning due to cultural purposes that causes the significant lower illiteracy rate among females. There are also possibilities that the programmes offered by the schools are mainly favouring the male students. Women seem to be more interested in programmes designed to improve their lives and the well-being of their families as stated by Mario and Nandja (2005). 5.4 Solutions to overcome illiteracy in Mozambique We found out that both introducing more high quality teachers and providing enough facilities for education show the highest percentage (30%) in reducing the illiteracy rate in Mozambique as in Figure 4.9. This is due to the reason that there are still lacks of sufficient teachers in school especially in rural areas. Besides, there are also insufficient classroom where the children have to learn under extreme conditions in Mozambique. Thus, most of the respondents may think that both of the ways above are the solution to reduce the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. As shown in Figure 4.7, most of the respondents grade the public awareness towards education among the Mozambicans as average with 40%. This is more likely to happen because of the less effectiveness of the campaign carried out which only stress on the importance of education to parts of the Mozambique nation and also yet being practiced thoroughly. It is clearly to be seen that the public awareness towards education should be increased and measures have to be taken drastically to resolve this issue. Furthermore, as stated in Figure 4.8, 33.33% of our respondents grade the effort of the government in improving the literacy rate as average. It is possible that parts of the Mozambican do not recognize the policies introduced by government in reducing the illiteracy rate. Moreover, it is more likely that some of the respondents may think that the government did not increase the funds for adult literacy and education programmes. Besides , the plans in improving the education are not translated into action. 5.5 The role of the international community From Figure 4.5, it shows that most of our respondents (30%) do not think that the international community is helping in reducing the illiteracy rate in Mozambique. Only 6.67% of them agree that help has been provided. There are contradictions as United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has employed a food security with the purpose of increasing the Mozambicans incomes. Besides, financial assistance is also provided with literacy instructors in 10 specified rural districts are given funds. The existence of contradictions most probably results from the lack of awareness towards this issue in improving literacy. 5.6 Limitations and Recommendations The result of the research is considered reliable. However, there are som

The Hogan Personality Inventory Commerce Essay

The Hogan Personality Inventory Commerce Essay The Hogan Personality Inventory is a personality test which is a measure of normal personality and is used to predict job performance (http://www.hoganassessments.com/hogan-personality-inventory). This tool has many uses and is used by both organisations and individuals. The HPI was specifically designed to aid business and commercial use and can be used throughout the recruitment process and to identify areas of a person which could be developed. The HPI was the first personality inventory to be based on the Five-Factor Models; openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These factors are generally accepted by psychologists as the distinct personality factors (http://www.advancedpeoplestrategies.co.uk/Hogan-Personality-Inventory-HPI.asp), although other models have been identified. These five personality traits were defined by Costa and McCrae in 1992 and they are used for understanding the relationship between personality and the behaviours of people. The HPI uses the seven primary scales to help assess personality. The HPI analyses these scales which are believed to influence managerial performance. The seven primary scales are: Adjustment. This is necessary for managers to be able to react well under pressure, remain calm in tense situations and not take problems or criticism to heart. Ambition. Managers also need to display this as this shows how decisive a person is and how they would cope with taking the lead. Managers with high ambition scores know how to communicate effectively as well as encouraging team work and leading teams well. Sociability. This reflects a managers ability to communicate with their staff, how warm, outgoing and talkative they are. Likeability. A managers ability to charm and use their communication and interpersonal skills to talk to clients and their staff. This will improve a managers skill at building teams and maintaining trust between colleagues. Prudence. Managers need to display this attribute to be dependable, conscientious and hard working. This means the leader will be loyal to their company and will treat their team members fairly. Inquisitive. This is necessary for managers to be practical and imaginative while thinking strategically about the businesses plans and goals in the long term. Learning Approach. This includes a managers desire to learn and their aptitude in their training and their school work. It can be shown that School Success is steadily and moderately correlated with measures of cognitive ability (http://www.drbobhurley.com/pdf/HPIManual.pdf). The HPI originates from a man called Robert Hogan and is sold by his company Hogan Assessments. Robert Hogan is a well known expert and international authority in psychology. According to his own website he is widely credited with demonstrating how personality factors influence organisational effectiveness in a variety of areas (http://www.hoganassessments.com/executive-team). He has a Ph.D from the University of California and is a fellow of many different universities. Robert Hogan has quoted that between 50-75% of managers are bad managers and this is due to the fact that they can interview well based on technical knowledge but they have bad leadership skills. Therefore he believes his personality test can help to differentiate the good leaders from the good interviewees. Figure 1 shows an example output report generated by the HPI. According to the Hogan Personality Inventory Brochure the reports give the following information; how a candidate may react in various circumstances, the characteristics of participants and summarises the recommendation for job fit and potential hiring (http://www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The graph in figure 1 shows how the person taking the test scores on each of the seven scales and shows whether the score is in the high, low or average percentile. Figure 1: An example HPI output report http://www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdf The report goes on to explain each of the scales in more detail, giving examples of characteristics of leaders with similar scores. For example in this sample report the person has a score of 72 for adjustment which is in the high percentile meaning this person can handle pressure well, not take criticism personally, expect to succed, be hard to coach and may overlook their mistakes. The report gives some of the implications of this type of leadership and for this example it is: compared to other leaders, your scores suggest that you usually maintain a positive attitude, stay in a good mood, remain patient with staff errors and mistakes, and persist in the face of challenges, frustration, and reversals. On the other hand, you may not realize when others are stressed, and may be reluctant to listen to negative feedback. (http://www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdf). There are 4 report formats which can be generated from the HPI. These are: a data report does not interpret the data in any way, career builder which gives the applicants strengths and weaknesses as well as improvement tips, management builder which gives suggestions on how the individual may be managed and the leadership forecast challenge report which analyses how an individuals scores are likely to affect their work and their leadership style (http://www.pantesting.com/pro ducts/Hogan/HPI.asp#). The HPI test consists of 206 true and false questions and one of the main features which the HPI boasts is that its questions are non-intrusive or invasive (http://www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The HPI was created along the lines of the socio-analytic theory. The test therefore assumes that getting along with and getting ahead of others become the dominant themes in social life (http://www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI) Uses of the Hogan Personality Inventory Personnel Selection Finding the right person for the job Organisations are beginning to recognise the importance of finding a person who fits with their values, ideals and ways of working. Organisations are able to identify what skills a person has by looking at their qualifications and past experience but personality tests such as the HPI are able to help identify whether an applicant has the right personality to suit their organisation. Individual Assessment Individuals may use the HPI to help decide whether they are suited to a specific occupation or to decide whether they should consider further education (http://www.workreview.co.uk/whatis/whatisthehpi.asp). It can also be used to assess personal strengths and weaknesses determine the best method to develop careers by focusing on which skills need to be developed. Management Development Management could use the HPI to assess where their staffs skills could be developed to create a better and more productive work force. It can also be used to place people in teams, perhaps with one person more suited to leadership and the others with complimentary skill sets. Strengths of Using Personality Tests Personality tests are becoming more popular for selecting good employees. Rodney Warrenfeltz of Hogan Assessment Centres said hiring practices are commonly neglected as a key aspect of professional facility maintenance. Many now believe that the selection of the right employees is of key importance and the personality test industry is now worth $400 million-a-year as employers have begun to realise the value of good employees and costs of bad employees, one company estimated the cost of one bad employee as being an astounding $2.5M (http://www.csi-executivesearch.com/executive-search/cost-of-a-bad-hire.html). Personality tests can also withstand legal challenges meaning organisations can use this method to reject people without the risk of being sued for discrimination. Weaknesses of Using Personality Tests The validity and reliability of personality tests is often called into disrepute and some job seekers complain that having their whole personality judged on a couple of questions, does not show potential employers the scope of their whole personality. Personality tests are very costly to run and if the validity is dubious then organisations need to consider whether the results are worth the expense. A flaw affecting the validity of personality test results is that respondents may alter their answers to reflect what they believe the company is looking for. For example if a company an employee is applying for a job at has a reputation for having an autocratic leadership style then the applicant may alter their answers to a personality test to say they follow instructions well even if they dont. This would make the results of the test inaccurate and may end in the wrong employee being accepted. Detection of such inaccuracies is difficult as there is no way for an applicant to explain the reasoning behind their answers meaning that the organisation will not get the full picture of an employee. Strengths of the HPI The Hogan Personality Inventory is a popular test used by recruiters and in 1980, the HPI was the first instrument designed to measure personality and predict resulting behaviours in the workplace. A strength of the HPI is that it predicts the reputation and the opinions others have of a persons leadership style, not what the applicant thinks of their own management style. The HPI is very practical and according to the Hogan Assessment website the tests have a relatively short 15-20 minute completion time (http://www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). Other practical advantages include its online platform making it cost and time effective. The multiple choice format enables automated marking, making human interaction minimal. The test is available in a number of languages so the same test can be completed world-wide. This helps multi-national companies as applicants can be tested using the same platform increasing the validity of results as applicants can complete the test in their native tongue. The HPI is based on the Five-Factor Model. According to Costa and McCraes Theory when an individual is scored on these factors they will produce a complete picture of that persons personality (http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). Extensive research has been carried out on these factors and statistical evidence demonstrates that the Five Factor Model is high in validity and useful as a predictive tool (http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). The HPI has been based on over 500000 working adults, this is a fairly large base for the inventory to be normed on making the results more valid as these people have been tested from over 200 of the main industries. The validity of the tests is further proved with retest reliabilities ranging from .74 to .86. HPI archives have been kept since 1970 and it continues to be ones of the most widely accepted and used inventories for resear ch on personality (http://www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI). Weaknesses of the HPI The Hogan Personality Inventory is based on a series of true and false questions which doesnt allow people any allowance for expressing other opinions. In other words the answers that the people give when they are taking the test are very constricted. This means that the potential employees are unable to express their true feelings or explain their answers. As the Hogan Personality Inventory is validated on over 200 industries it could be argued that this is a key weakness of these personality tests. These assessments were designed to be general, apply to a wide range of situations (most were not specifically created for workplace application), and are not amenable to customisation. This approach means that the tests are to general to create a valid overview of a persons leadership capability for a specific role. Such measures employ a one size fits all approach, which (similar to clothing) does not provide a very good fit in most cases (http://www.evancarmichael.com/Sales/3147/Trouble-with-Personality-Tests.html) Another weakness of the Hogan Personality Inventory is that it is based on the Five Factor Model which has been reviewed as not explaining the whole of the human personality. Some argue that models such as the Cattells 16 Personality Factors (1946)Â  are more reflective of the humans personality as they take into account more aspects of a persons personality. These extra traits could involve religion, political views and other environmental factors. It could be argued that the Five Factor Model only provides a snapshot of a persons personality not a full picture (http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). Findings and Conclusions When researching the Hogan Personality Inventory it is very important to remember that it is a commercial entity and a lot of articles which I have read have been very biased and aimed at making the reader buy the product. Following on from this, there is very little literature outlining the weaknesses of the HPI, although there is a fair amount about the disadvantages of personality tests based on the Five Factor Model. Table 1 shows the British Psychological Societys review into the major psychometric tests, comparing them on their main ratings and their cost information. From this table the HPI scores highest against the other tests with a score of 19 while the only other test to come close to this is the Personality Inventory which scored 17 stars. Tech Overall quality of technical information, Valid Validity, Rely Reliability, Norms Normative Information, Cover Overall clarity and coverage of content. Table 1: The British Psychological Society (BPS) Review of Personality Instruments 2nd Edition Personality tests can have huge benefits for both organisations and the individuals. It can help management with employee selection and employee development and they can help individuals to identify areas of themselves which need improving. The practical nature of these tests can help to weed out unsuitable candidates quickly and easily and it is also a form of selection which can stand up in court. The HPI itself is a well known and trusted brand of test, due to the model which it is based on and the amount of working adults it is normed on. On the other hand, many individuals disagree with the use of personality tests in the selection process. The lack of ability to express reasoning behind answers means that many applicants feel constrained when answering the tests and many people are prone to faking their answers although Robert Hogan believes he has solved this problem with the HPI as he states that the data are quite clear-even when motivated to fake, peoples scores on the HPI dont change. (http://www.hoganassessments.com/blog/robert-hogan-phd/how-faking-impacts-personality-assessment-results). Instead he claims that instead of faking, people are engaging in a form of impression management and these results are more valid given the fact that they are gauging a persons reputation as a manager not their opinions of their own leadership styles. After evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of people using personality tests I can see organisations continuing to use them for the foreseeable future, especially as unemployment continues to rise and the ratio of people applying to the number of roles increases. It is a quick way to reject potentially unsuitable people and reduce an applications list easily. I would also conclude that the Hogan Personality Inventory is a valid test to use especially when used in conjunction with the other Hogan Assessments.

Critical Analysis of Jimmy Choo Shoes ad :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society, we are bombarded with images telling us how to dress, think, act, and behave. As Ed Norton in the movie Fight Club says while looking at a Calvin Klein underwear ad, â€Å"is that how real men are supposed to look?† I decided to search for an ad that can be seen as controversial or even disturbing at that, and I was lucky enough to come across a Jimmy Choo ad in W magazine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The message is clear—buy these shoes. Whether or not that message is being conveyed in the most appropriate or effective ways is less to be desired for. The shoes are not even in the center of the picture, and in my opinion, the shoes are not the main focal point in the ad. Instead, the focus is on a woman leaning backwards on some sort of board with a very skimpy bikini bottom and loose top. She is holding a purse and has on several large bracelets, and is spraying a hose of some sort. But even all of these images are not the most disturbing. The woman’s facial expression is startling. She is looking upwards and more importantly, she looks as if she’s watching something terrible happen and is either scared or in danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps the message is trying to say, â€Å"look sexy like this woman and buy our shoes.† What does sexy really mean? Who’s to say that a woman maybe one hundred pounds heavier in a simple evening dress cannot wear those shoes and still be as sexy? What makes this vulnerable woman so appealing and desirable in this advertisement?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What really is this ad trying to sell? Shoes are a dime a dozen. I went to the mall the other day and went into 8 different shoe stores alone. Obviously there is something special about Jimmy Choo shoes. Is this company really tying to sell you the shoes, or trying to sell you the name? I recall watching an interview with Paris Hilton, and she said that she loved Jimmy Choo shoes and that she has â€Å"x† (some large number) pairs of them. Since we are such a media-based culture, if we hear Paris Hilton wears Jimmy Choo shoes, then they must be great! With such a high price, how can the middle class person even afford a pair? With all of these things taken into consideration, it’s clear that there is an elite group of people this ad is designed for.

An Effective Education :: Educational Teaching Teachers Essays

An Effective Education A unique world of opportunity rests within an educational system. The ability to influence and guide young minds is a wonderful experience, and this is why I will become a teacher. In the process of educating students, individuality and self experience will be used as a fuel for the scholastic fire, which gives students a valid opportunity to be excellent citizens. As a juxtaposition, the importance of education can be compared to a musical composition. In order to effectively perform a musical piece, one must have a certain understanding of keys, notes, and chord progressions. In order to be an effective citizen, one must have a degree of individuality and self experience to complete a truly amazing educational masterpiece. As a teacher I hope to be a positive influence on as many students as possible and to be an intriguing educator so that students and members of the community value my curriculum. If students value me as an individual, then they respect what I have to say and offer to them as individuals. I want students to feel truly enriched after completing one of my courses. After taking one of my classes, students should have obtained practical information that they can somehow relate to their own lives. I feel that individualism is very important in managing a classroom. Everyone has their own distinctive mind and attributes to contribute to the classroom to help all of us become better people. Certain things should be taken into account when one considers the education of another individual. I believe that an effective education should revolve around two main aspects: personal experience and individuality. Oral communications, a content area I am specializing in, requires personal experience speeches in the curriculum. When one presents a speech, they are engaging in a personal experience, which can be good or bad for them. Regardless of this experience being good or bad, they are learning something about themselves. The students will experience first-hand whether or not they like to be in front of people.

Marketings Of Green Energy In Mauritius Environmental Sciences Essay

In this paper I am explicating the range, the demand and the usage of green energy in Mauritius, its selling and how it affects the planetary market. Now a twenty-four hours non merely in Mauritius all the states biggest job is the energy and its ingestion ; largely the electricity, the basic needful signifier of all the energy that mankind used widely. Not merely in Mauritius but the whole universe is running for an easy, economic and an eco-free system to bring forth electricity. In this paper I am giving a brief account on the production of green energy, selling of green energy in Mauritius and how its influence the authorities side, the stairss taken from the authorities to advance green energy in Mauritius, their schemes and they work out at that place schemes.1.0 Introduction:In this paper I am explicating the range, the demand and the usage of green energy in Mauritius, its selling and how it affects the planetary market. Now a twenty-four hours non merely in Mauritius all the states biggest job is the energy and its ingestion ; largely the electricity, the basic needful signifier of all the energy that mankind used widely. Mankind made so many engineerings for change overing most sort of energy to electrical energy and he used electricity to run most of his equipments. Just conceive of the universe without electricity, at least a twenty-four hours without electricity or an hr ; we are that much depends to the electricity. Not merely in Mauritius but the whole universe is running for an easy, economic and an eco free system to bring forth electricity. As I worked for the company SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING.Co.Ltd for 7 months, I worked in many Fieldss as an Electrical Engineer, the work for the photovoltaic is one of the head touching undertakings I of all time had. I was in the scheming subdivision of the undertaking, as I used package called SMA-SUNNY DESIGN to plan the works and I noticed how much of energy is made in that works in a twenty-four hours with an initial one clip investing. From that twenty-four hours onwards I was be aftering to do my thesis paper on this. How Mauritius made green electricity, how the authorities helps on doing their dreams come true and how they market this energy. I make this paper with all the relevant information ‘s I got from my foreman and the manager of the company Mr. Rishi Soodaye who helped in all the ways for the readying of this paper. In Mauritius Central Electricity Board ( CEB ) is the in charge organic structure for the production and allocation of energy on the island under the Ministry of Natural resources Renewable Energy and Public Utilities. While the CEB with the caput office in Curepipe produces approximately 40 % of the entire energy beginning in Mauritius, the remainder is obtained from self-determining Power Producers chiefly via sugar estates. The general electricity per capita per twelvemonth in Mauritius is about 750 kW/h. Energy is produced by thermic agencies ( 80 % ) , H2O, and bagasse ( both accounting for the staying 20 % ) from little sugar estates.A ( Gices, 2011 ) There are 8 hydro electric power workss located scattered largely in the southern portion the island with a subtotal capacity of 59 MW. They are the Champagne Plant ( with a capacity of 30 MW ) , the Ferney Plant ( 10 MW ) , the Tamarind Falls Plant ( 11.1 MW ) , Le Val Plant ( 4MW ) , La Ferme Plant ( 1.2 MW ) , the Reduit Plant ( 1.2 MW ) , the Cascade Cecile Plant ( 1MW ) and the Magenta Plant ( 0.94 MW ) . Because of natural seasonal fluctuations in H2O supply and demand throughout the twelvemonth, the power workss can non run at full capacity or in full efficiency and are therefore non every bit dependable as thermic workss though they are inexpensive to keep but cause serious environmental pollution and cause serious natural environment pollution. ( Gices, 2011 ) Thermal energy is produced in thermic workss that works on heat all located in Port Louis, while Fort Victoria, Fort George and St Louis usage Diesel, the Nicolay Plant uses gas and coal to do electricity. The sum of e nergy produced by the thermic workss is about 324 MW. The hydro electric power workss at Champagne and Tamarind Falls ( based on climatic conditions ) besides use gas to bring forth energy and with the Nicolay works, the three sum to 85 MW. The sugar industry power workss produce around 254 MW of electricity from the FUEL Steam and Power Generation Co Ltd ( 36.7 MW ) , Consolidated Energy Ltd ( 28.4 MW ) , Compagnie Thermique de Belle Vue Ltee ( 71.2 MW ) , Compagnie Thermique du Sud Ltee ( 34.5 MW ) and Compagnie Thermique de Savannah Ltee ( 83 MW ) . Gices ( 2011 ) . Residential gross revenues: Residential gross revenues are estimate to turn from the estimated value figure of 521 GWh in 2002 to 630 GWh in 2011 to 798 GWh in 2012. These figures characterize mean one-year growing or annual rates of approximately 4.9 % over the following 5 old ages and 3.5 % over the undermentioned five old ages. Today the standard Mauritian household unit uses about 1990 kWh of energy each twelvemonth or in yearly. But usage varies widely among suburban clients. From that about 17 % of families consume less than 700 kWh of energy each twelvemonth and about 14.7 % consume more than 2,600 kWh of energy each twelvemonth or in yearly. Appliances or the devices such as air conditioners, dish washers, Television, and place office equipment are acquiring clasp of in popularity in in-between income families. The other common family contraptions such as telecastings and iceboxs are being replaced by larger units of electricity. Many intermediate and high net incomes families are buying or purchasing reproduction contraptions or low quality contraptions or of duplicate things. Commercial Gross saless: Gross saless to commercial clients are calculated to turn from the figure of 450 GWh recorded in 2002 to 600 GWh in 2007 and to 820 GWh in 2012. These figures signify typical one-year growing rates of 7.5 % over the following 5 old ages and 6.9 % over the following 5 old ages. Commercial gross revenues are ordinary to account for the chief growing in CEB ‘s taken as a whole gross revenues in the coming old ages, as they have done in the past decennary. The typical big office edifice ( 18 floors or above ) in Port Louis consumes about 4.7 GWh of electricity per twelvemonth or yearly, in the order of equal to the ingestion of 3,500 families. Industrial gross revenues: Industrial gross revenues are estimate to turn from the figure of 620 GWh in 2002 to 790 GWh in 2012, stand foring an normal one-year or annual growing rate of 4.5 %2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Energy:2.1 Advantages of Green Energy:One of the major advantages with the usage of renewable energy is that as it is renewable and there for it is therefore sustainable and so will ne'er run out or complete. Renewable energy comfortss by and large require low care cost than conventional generators ( Whatever generators we use, depends on the system ) . Their fuel that is the natural stuff being derived from nature and available resources reduces the costs of operation. Even more significantly, renewable energy produces small or no waste merchandises such as C dioxide or other chemical pollutants, so has minimum impact on the environment. It ‘s free of pollution and made no injury to any of the life things. Renewable energy undertakings can besides convey economic benefits t o many regional countries, as most undertakings are located off from big urban Centres and suburbs of the capital metropoliss. These economic benefits may be from the increased usage of local services every bit good as touristry. Most of the undertaking are one clip investing, and will acquire net income throughout the life clip.2.2 Disadvantage of Green Energy:One disadvantage with renewable energy is that it is hard to bring forth the measures of electricity that are every bit immense as those produced by conventional dodo fuel generators ( Comparing to other states fossil fuels are the primary beginning of bring forthing electricity ) . This may intend that we need to decrease the sum of energy we use or simply construct more energy services. The other thing it shows is that it besides indicates that the best solution to our energy jobs may be to hold a balance of many dissimilar power beginnings. Another disadvantage of renewable energy beginnings is the dependability of supply. Renewable energy frequently relies on the conditions for its beginning of power. Hydro power works generators need rain to make full dikes to provide streamlined H2O. Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades so that it can turn the turbines, and solar aggregators besides need clear skies and sunlight to roll up heat and build electricity. When these resources are unavailable so is the ability to do energy from them. This can be mutable and conflicting. The present cost of renewable energy engineering is besides far in surplus of conventional dodo fuel coevals. This is because it is a advanced engineering and as such has enormously big chief cost or capital cost. Energy is simply a transitional good. Consuming energy is a agency to an appendage now a twenty-four hours, the terminal being the status of energy-related demands such as production or fabrication of goods, keeping equal lighting, cookery, every bit long as mobility. The important challenge for sustainable energy use and production is, hence, is to fulfill the suited degree of energy-related demands of every adult male sort or to all citizens is being by utilizing a assortment of engineering and fuels tailored to local state of affairs instead than simply increasing energy supplies, while maintaining the general cost and environmental or the natual harm every bit low as possible.3.0 Methods for Producing Green Energy:Solar Energy Wind Energy Tidal Energy Wave Energy Geothermal Energy Hydrological or Hydro Electric Power3.1 Solar Energy:Solar Energy is one of the widely used methods to bring forth green energy in the whole universe. It ‘s besides known as Photovoltaic cells. In Solar the sunshine is captured and converted to electrical energy and its stored depends on the demand. For capturing the Sun visible radiation they use a panel called Solar panels, which capture the sunshine and change over this sunshine to electrical energy and stored in a battery, which is taken as we needed. In this paper I mention on solar panels or solar energy or PV ( Photovoltaic ) systems, as widely used method in Mauritius.3.2 Wind Energy:Wind Energy is the 2nd method to bring forth green energy, in Mauritius. In 1995 Mauritius had a undertaking on air current turbines, it was an American based undertaking and subsequently bead because of some proficient jobs. Comparing the air current energy and the solar energy air current turbine undertakings are of high initial cost comp arison to the solar energy. Mauritius is touched with a batch of air currents ; its geographical location is like it gets a normal air current scope from 12.87 Km/Hr to 20-30 Km/ Hr in higher parts. In air current energy a turbine is rotated by the force of the air current, therefore the turbine rotates and electricity is produced and stored on the battery. This method is besides implemented in Mauritius ; a new undertaking based on air current energy is get downing on the South.3.3 Tidal Energy:In an island like Mauritius surrounded by the sea, electricity can be made from the tidal besides. In tidal type energy devising, the motion of the tidal drives the turbine which in bend rotates the rotor and energy is formed and it ‘s stored in the battery. In tidal energy a tidal bombardment is made, a tidal bombardment is a sort of dike. When the tidal comes and hit on this bombardments H2O hastes through the holes made in the bombardments which turns the turbines. Many topographic points this bombardments are used as Bridgess besides. Tidal energy is widely used in United Kingdom and there it ‘s a success besides. As comparing to the solar, air current and the tidal, solar power is cheaper and weave and the tidal have about immense initial investings. But in a state like Mauritius here we have a batch of range for this tidal energy. 3.4 Wave Energy: Wave energy is about same as that of the tidal energy. In a topographic point like Mauritius surrounded by sea electrical energy can be taken from the sea. It ‘s available plentifulness in Mauritius. Big sea moving ridges in the West can bring forth much good sum of electrical energy. Wave energy plants like make fulling sea H2O from the tide to a pit, on the shore which compresses the at bay air in the pit which turns the turbine. By the turbine turns and the electrical energy is formed and stored in the battery. Comparing to all other undertakings this 1 besides has large initial investing. It ‘s normally used in little graduated tables. 3.5 Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is one of the rarest types of energy production in all sorts. It ‘s used in topographic points with volcanic parts. In this natural heat of the Earth is used. Cold H2O is pumped into the country where big sum of heat is located. This heat makes this cold H2O to evaporate and this steam is collected and used to turn the turbine. This turbine turns make electricity. It has a infinite energy supply but the job is it ‘s non applicable to every topographic point. It ‘s successful in topographic points like New Zealand and in Iceland. This undertaking is really unsafe and the hazard factor is really high. This undertaking is besides holding large initial investing. 3.6 Hydrological or Hydro Electric Power: It ‘s the most common method used for the production of electricity in universe broad. In Mauritius they besides depends hydro electric power. In the southern portion we can see so many hydro electric power workss with a entire capacity of about 59 MW. In hydro electric power workss works in a manner like H2O is collected by constructing dikes. This gathered H2O is passed through high force per unit area pipes and this pressurised H2O is used to turn the turbines. Hydro electric power workss besides depend on the H2O resources and the rain. When the handiness of the rain gets decreases the per centum of electric production besides decreases. Comparing to all the above types initial investing is immense for this. States like India and China depends hydro electric power workss. 4.0 How Solar Energy Grid Works as profit- The Marketing country: In Mauritius people and companies produce solar energy for their ain intent and for net income besides. Its work like this the people or the company will hold three different energy metres one metre will demo how much they consume and the other metre demo how much they produce and the 3rd metre shows the difference. If the ingestion is higher than the production they have to pay from their manus and if the ingestion is less than the production they will acquire the money from the state energy board. Normally the client had to pay the electricity measure individually and acquire a check for the production per units on every three months or six months that depends on the capacity of the works. If it ‘s a little graduated table works so the manufacturer will acquire the check on every six month and if the works is on a big graduated table he will acquire it on every three month. Government will supply so many aid for bring forthing green energy in Mauritius, Bankss like MCB is supplying 85 % acquisition cost loan on Photovoltaic systems. Government give subordinate financess for supplying these sorts of exposure Gur systems and for the solar H2O warmers besides. Agencies like AFD ( Agence Francaise Development ) besides raise fund for bring forthing green energy in Mauritius. The financess from UNDP ( United Nation Development Program ) can besides used for the production of the green energy in Mauritius. Across most engineerings, renewable energy industries saw continued growing in equipment fabrication, gross revenues, and installing during 2011. Solar PV and onshore or the land air current power experienced theatrical monetary value decreases during the class of the twelvemonth ensuing from flagging costs due to economic systems of graduated table, progress in engineering and other factors, but besides due to decreases or intuitions in authorities policy support. In Mauritius there are no equipments made for the production of Photovoltaic systems. All the equipments they get are from abroad. Most of the equipments are from United Kingdom, United States of America, and Australia and from China. Green power markets besides exist in Australia, Canada, and Japan, and at least one company offers green power to retail clients in South Africa. Major companies are besides playing an progressively of import function in the renewable power sector buying green power, put ining renewable energy systems, and buying Renewable Energy Credits ( RECs ) . Mac Neil Roa ( 14June2004 ) 4.1 Government Influence on Green Energy Undertaking: In partnership with UNEP, the Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit is presently developing or merely doing their measure in National Programme on Sustainable Consumption and Production ( SCP ) for Mauritius. One of the solution precedency countries good known during the scoping implement for the undertaking is the demand for an accomplishment program on Sustainable Energy preservation. A working group was constituted in order to enlarge the accomplishment program. From authoritiess indicate of position there are three sorts of energy ingestions in Mauritius they are: Demand-side energy efficiency: This most important pick relates to industrial or to proficient, executive and character method to cut down or to take down the maximal entire energy needed to light/cool our houses, produce goods, etc. Co-generation: Beginning of on-site or the combined co-generation of high temperature and power can radically better energy competency on the supply side. Renewable energy: Twisted and used or the recycled onsite through biomass or solar thermic aggregators, etc every bit good as that fed into electricity connexion grids. 4.2 Barriers: One of the basic stairss for the necessary to let booming executing of any exploit Plan is the demand to grok the barriers confront it, and how to prevail over those. Barriers to accomplishing the energy competency likely affect both market-dependent issues and academic or the institutional issues. The market barriers put off consumers from purchasing energy competent merchandises and services ; the institutional or the academic barriers put off energy establishments from advancing energy efficiency. One imperative thing is deficiency of consciousness and apprehension of energy competency. Energy competency chances are on a regular basis overlooked due to the simple fact that industry and other consumers are uninformed that they subsist. It is in the intent of this action program to develop consciousness in such affairs and to convey familiarity into the assorted sectors. There is for illustration, a low punter heed of the benefits of specific energy efficiency engineerings and patte rns. Institutional or academic Barriers and confrontation to alter: There is a frequent false feeling, preponderantly in industry, that energy competency will interrupt production procedures and that alterations should non be made unless wholly necessary. Energy Audits will cover with this job. The other jobs are be short of of capableness for carry oning Energy Audits and implementing Energy Management Systems and be deficient in application of up to day of the month direction accomplishments depicting to energy direction in public every bit good as in private sector endeavors. 4.3 Current Status: The one-year or the annual chief energy requirement per capita has been additions from 0.73 metric tons ( tones of oil equivalent ) in 1990 to 1.3 toe in 2011. The entire chief energy requirement was 1380 kg tone in 2011. Mauritius is greatly dependent relation on imported dodo fuels for its energy demands. Around 83 % of the entire chief energy requirement was met by imported fuels ( oil, LPG and coal ) signifier South Africa and from other African states and the staying 19 % acquiring from place beginnings ( bagasse, hydro and fuel wood ) . The largest frequenters of energy were the transit and industrialized sectors which accounted for 50.2 % and 32.6 % of the entire energy use correspondingly. Domestic outgo accounted for about 13.2 % of the entire energy outgo. The part of fossil fuels in the entire energy requirement increased from 64 % in 1992 to 83.4 % in 2007. Programs for mounting good organisation and increasing renewable energy are therefore non maintaining gait with mounting demand and economic growing. The rise in electricity use is at a sustained rate of 6.1 % . The part of electricity from renewable beginnings ( bagasse and hydro ) has decreased from 31.3 % in 1996 to about 24.5 % in 2007. The part of coal in electricity creative activity rose to 41.2 % in 2007 while engagement of fuel oil and Diesel fell marginally to 38.3 % . The concentration of energy usage is 0.62 metric ton per 1000 USD of GDP. This can be related to 0.23 metric tons per 1000 USD in OECD states or 0.19 toes per 1000 USD in EU-15. The possibility for better energy efficiency is evident from today ‘s immense spread between developed states like Japan and Europe and Mauritius. The Electricity Act 1939, by the authorities of Mauritius as amended and the Independent Power Producers Act control electricity production and usage in Mauritius. The duty is intended so as to depress wastage. Three piece of statute law have been made but non yet come to move, and would hold major impacts or function on the electricity section, viz. the Utility Regulatory Authority Act 2004 by the authorities of Mauritius, the Electricity Act 2005 passed by the parliament and the Competition Bill 2007 by the Mauritanian authorities. Steering rule on electricity is under the answerability of the Ministry of Public Utilities while policy on transit fuel is under the answerability of the Ministry of Industry, SMEs, Commerce and Cooperatives- Commerce Division, with importing issues delegated to the State Trading Corporation. The Final Draft National Energy Policy 2008 passed by the authorities of Mauritius looks forwarded at energy use in both the electricity and transit sectors. The advanced policy and its accomplishment program turn around three nucleus axes: Better energy competency through farther energy competent contraptions or vehicles edifices, labelling, revenue enhancement, strong linkages with sustainable touristry etc. Improved safety of energy provide through augmented portion of renewable in the energy meeting, micro production, C revenue enhancement, utilizing cleaner engineerings or public-service corporations for coal power workss, etc, and ; Droping the privation for energy forces largely through sustainable life styles, improved land be aftering thereby dropping transposing, mass transit, tele-working, flexitime, etc. A very figure of energy decrease undertakings are in the channel and are designed to be implemented by a scope of establishments or through academic schemes. Some of the present enterprises connected to electricity nest eggs are: Numerous programs introduced to the allotment of CEB by CFLs in secondary schools with copybook holding energy stash waies. Manage or command the route or street lighting by CEB and place governments to do certain that street visible radiations do non hang about lighted during daylight. Demand side Management ( DSM ) undertakings by CEB supported through messages and information operation, competition, pulling competition ; free sharing or gifting of CFLs in stray countries and in the island of Rodrigues, allocation of energy salvaging spines and calendars in lower primary schools and in primary schools. In add-on, some of the approaching undertakings in electricity nest eggs are: One important thing is from the beginning that is from the merchandising of Low Energy Compact Fluorescent Lamps ( CFLs ) to the common public by the Central Electricity Board ( CEB ) , at inexpensive monetary value utilizing C acclamation from the voluntary C market. The following thing is the growing of a Grid Code strategy by CEB to give a construction for little and large self-governing generators to import and export electricity on the web. And the 3rd thing is the enlargement of a Time of Use Tariff by CEB to put off electricity usage during peak clip. Energy Savings motion by Energy Services Division of the Ministry of Public Utilities ( MPU ) , by replacing of visible radiations with energy economic system tube visible radiations. Energy Efficiency-Product Labelling program by MPU. Energy Management in usage of thermal made steam derived from fossil-fuels. In the instance of the Textile Industry, by the University Of Mauritius Recommendations Of Utilities Committee at Ministr y of Industry, SMEs, Commerce and Cooperatives by Enterprise Mauritius for modesty competency in industries subdivision. Green Productivity Clinic at National Productivity and Competitiveness Council ( NPCC ) to give assurance cleaner creative activity through improved energy competency along industry lines. And the last thing is the enlargement of an Energy Cluster in Mauritius, to promote solar ( thermic and photovoltaic ) including export prospective. 4.4 Stairss for doing Green Mauritius:Budget 2008-2009: Building Green Mauritius – â€Å" Maurice Ile DurableIn the 2008-2009 budget announced, the Minister of Finance and Economic Development announced the revamping of the National Energy subsidise into a Maurice Ile Durable ( MID ) subsidize. The subsidize fund, which will be under the counsel of the MPU, will keep up attempts to guard the environment through procedure of recycling, this give assurance more well-organized usage of energy and hike the dependance on renewable energy. The finance will beat up financess through revenue enhancements, authorities subsidies, enlargement spouses, C credits and the private every bit good as the authorities sector, every bit good as air hoses countervailing their C credits.4.5 Key Steps include:Wind Energy undertaking at Bigara New hydro units at Midlands and La Nicoliere Landfill Gas to Electricity undertaking at Mare Chicose Optimize the usage of bagasse and cane field residues Puting up of an â€Å" Observatoire de l'Energie † and an information run Solar Water warmer loan strategy Decrease of responsibility on solar H2O warmer and spare parts Introduction of summer clip ( pilot undertaking in 2008 ) Puting up of a solid waste recycling plan 50 % decrease of revenue enhancements on intercrossed vehicles Presentation of an â€Å" Energy Efficiency Bill † Increase of Road Tax harmonizing to engine capacity 4.6 Goals of the Action Plan: The chief end of the Action Plan is future to manus unit of ammunition as a route program for Mauritius. To acknowledge the important and reasonable stairss needed for sustainable energy usage. This program gives manner for the instant executing of low-priced intercessions every bit good as high cost steps with short repay periods. These will be followed subsequently by mean term and longer term plus chance. Specifically, the Plan ‘s general ends for the following five old ages are to do the usage of energy in families, offices, industry and transit become more sustainable. The enlargement of decentralized renewable energy beginnings like solar, air current and tidal is besides an cardinal component of sustainable energy use and will be taken up by MPU following the 2008-2009 budgetary address. The Six schemes identified to run into the above ends are as follows: Strategy1: Energy Savings in the Residential Sector Undertaking 1: To develop minimal energy public presentation criterions ( MEPS ) for cardinal contraptions ( Led by MPU with Ministry of Industry, SMEs, Commerce and Cooperatives & A ; MSB ) Undertaking 2: Phasing out of incandescent lamps ( Led by MPU, with Ministry of Industry, SME ‘s, Commerce and Cooperatives ( Commerce Division ) & A ; MSB ) Strategy 2: Energy Savings in the Commercial and Industrial Sector Undertaking 1: Capacity Building of Energy Audit Providers and Promotion of Energy Service Companies ( NPCC and UOM ) Undertaking 2: Develop MEPS for industrial boiler efficiency, air conditioning, electric motors/machines ( MPU in coaction with a research establishment ) Undertaking 3: Regular Energy Auditing to be made mandatary for high energy users ( MPU ) Undertaking 4: Aid SMEs in transporting out energy audits with a targeted strategy ( SEHDA, NPCC and Enterprise Mauritius )Strategy 3: Energy Savings in the Public SectorUndertaking: Necessitate all public sector organic structures to bring forth one-year studies puting out their energy efficiency actions and advancement and facilitate exchange of energy efficiency best patterns between public sector organic structures through the web. ( MPU ) This undertaking has besides been identified by the working group on Sustainable Government Practices. Undertaking 1: Require public organic structures to buy merely energy efficient illuming as from 2009 when put ining or replacing lighting ( MPU and Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ) . Strategy 4: Energy Savings in the Transport Sector Undertaking 1: Addition Consumer Knowledge about benefits of Sustainable Driving including providing tools for energy efficient vehicle choice ( TMRSU ) Undertaking 2: Survey on Vehicular Emissions and Capacity Building on Emission Testing ( MOE, MPI and UOM ) Undertaking 3: Influence the consumer to modal displacement and behavioral alteration such as the Park and Ride Schemes, Incentives for auto pooling, Bicycle usage etc through instruction and sensitisation runs ( TMRSU )Strategy 5: On-site Renewable Energy DevelopmentUndertakings under this scheme are to be undertaken by MPU under the execution of the National Energy Policy and Action Plan and the 2008-2009 budgetary steps. Strategy 6: Education and Awareness and R & A ; D Education and Awareness on Energy Savings is looked into by the SCP proficient working group on Education and Communication for Sustainable Lifestyles. However, there is a demand to develop an integrated research scheme that will enable more effectual determination devising by policy shapers. Undertaking 1: Invent a Strategic Research Plan on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy ( MPU ) This Action Plan will be achieved mostly via enabling instruments and intercessions. These will include inter alia economic and legislative agencies, minimal public presentation criterions, energy direction activities and energy audits every bit good as publicity of efficient patterns. The potency of C finance will be carefully looked into during execution, capitalising on chances available under the current UNDP – Millennium Development Goals Carbon Facility. This Action Plan will be implemented through execution squads as outlined within the papers. Systems will be put in topographic point to sporadically supervise advancement against marks. 4.7 Alternate Schemes: Strategy 1: Energy Savings in the Residential Sector Scheme: Home contraptions are the universe ‘s fastest turning consumers of energy after cars. Residential gross revenues are forecast to turn from the figure of 521 GWh in 2002 to 650 GWh in 2007 to 768 GWh in 2012. These figures represent mean one-year growing rates of 4.5 % over the following 5 old ages and 3.4 % over the undermentioned five old ages. Today the mean Mauritanian family uses about 1770 kWh of energy each twelvemonth. But usage varies widely among residential clients. About 15 % of families consume less than 600 kWh of energy each twelvemonth and about 15 % consume more than 2,400 kWh of energy each twelvemonth. Appliances such as air conditioners, dish washers, place film, and place office equipment are deriving in popularity in in-between income families. Other common domestic contraptions such as telecastings and iceboxs are being replaced by larger units. Many medium and high income families are buying extra contraptions. Efficiency criterions have been successfully applied abroad and hold brought about important betterments in efficiencies. The scheme is to develop Minimum Energy Performance Standards ( MEPS ) for cardinal contraptions to be sold on the market every bit good as a stage out of the usage of incandescent lamps. Failure to follow with MEPS consequences in punishments. An consciousness run must besides be launched to promote consumers to maximise the energy efficiency of their air-conditioners. The purpose of MEPS is to necessitate makers to better the energy efficiency of their contraption designs. MEPS besides have the consequence of taking contraptions with low energy efficiency, from the market. The Committee agreed that as a first measure, MEPS will be formulated for iceboxs and air conditioners. Aim of Scheme: The aim of the scheme is to stabilise the energy ingestion in the families. A specific mark could be to accomplish at least 25 % addition of energy efficient family ‘s contraptions to be purchased within the following 5 old ages and achieve at least 10 % decrease of mean energy ingestion in the families within 5 old ages. Tools Choice: Merchandise information, statute law and consciousness elevation activities are identified as the most appropriate tools to utilize for advancing reduced energy ingestion in family contraptions. Merchandise information will supply governments and consumers with information on energy efficiency while consciousness raising activities would promote people to purchase energy efficient family contraptions. 4.8 Critical Stairss for Execution MPU to put up an execution squad on MEPS and phasing out of incandescent bulbs Preliminary Industry Consultation and Preliminary Cost/Benefit Analysis The competent authorization ( MPU ) needs to develop the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for what is to be considered as energy efficient family contraptions. This should be based on scientific surveies and audience with cardinal stakeholders. Ask for public remark. MPU to outline the appropriate ordinances for MEPS which should stipulate the trial process and the proficient demands MSB would be assigned the duty for proving and to implement the MEPS ( need for resources ) A competent institute to be designated to make full the function of an information Centre supplying information on a regular basis on efficient contraptions and on how to utilize them right. The information is to be disseminated through hotlines, web sites, etc Success Measures/Monitoring What ( index ) : Have the purchased energy efficient air conditioners accounted for 25 % of gross revenues on the targeted market within 5 old ages Who ( will supervise ) : denominate an independent research institute to supervise the index How and how frequently data should be collected: Datas can be collected from manufacturers and Sellerss on an one-year footing or before and after the execution of the tools. Timeline: Initial 1-2 old ages continuance is considered as realistic to transport out the activities above Resources Needed: The MPU has already secured financess from UNDP for the execution of a undertaking on Energy Labelling. This undertaking will include the development of MEPS. Strategy 2: Energy Savings in the Commercial and Industrial Sector Scheme Energy Audits have internationally been used across all sectors to place efficiency steps that can be implemented in a cost-efficient mode. The Plan will advance energy audits as a agency to better energy efficiency. Energy Management Systems enables the formalisation of monitoring, measuring and aiming energy ingestion every bit good as supplying sector-specific benchmarking information. The importance of effectual monitoring and aiming can non be over-emphasized as it provides the yardstick against which nest eggs are targeted and betterments are measured. The Plan will advance the mainstreaming of energy direction systems. Energy Service Companies ( ESCOs ) sell energy services, energy direction being one of the most common activities. The ESCO meet client needs through a comprehensive energy audit service, financing mechanism, equipment procurance and installing and commissioning, monitoring and public presentation warrants. This addresses those state of affairss where companies do non hold the expertness and resources to give to energy direction activities themselves. Although the construct of ESCO is non new, it is non yet developed in Mauritius. There is limited experience in the market place. As a consequence, a assurance spread exists in the market where clients are loath to utilize this service bringing manner. The Plan will be devoted to make a more formal model within which ESCOs can run. This will dwell of commissioned public presentation criterions and approved methodological analysiss for energy efficiency audits every bit good as professionals accreditation. However to be effectual, it is frequently required that both the audits and the execution of steps to be paid by the client and to be made compulsory for certain industries or commercial edifices. The bing Enterprise Development Fund from Enterprise Mauritius can be used by industries to prosecute in energy auditing. The puting up of ESCOs would be facilitated by MPU. 4.9 Objective of Strategy The overall aim is to convey the energy strengths of major industrial and commercial sectors in line with international criterions and best pattern. The specific aims are: Develop MEPS for industrial boiler efficiency, hair-raisers, and electric motors/machines. These are common to many industries. Capacity Building of Energy Audit Providers and Promotion of Energy Management Systems Regular Energy Auditing to be made mandatary for high energy users. Promotion of Energy Service Companies Critical Stairss for Execution The MPU and MRC will put up execution squads who will Research into bing international criterions for common industry equipment ( boiler, motors, etc ) . The criterions will be formulated and adopted. Investigate the status/potential of ESCO market in Mauritius and set up agencies of heightening the publicity of ESCOs within industry and commercialism See a ordinance for compulsory energy audits in specific industries/commercial edifices Led by the NPCC, and together with UOM/MSB/EM, this execution squad will be set up to: Prepare an audit criterion and model Carry out capacity edifice of hearers and test audit strategies through specific sectors. A specialised preparation plan for forces at in-between and top direction degree of major energy consumer organisations will be carried out. The NPCC will committee a confer withing company to carry on the preparation programmed. Participants who attend the plan for the full period would be issued a certification. Develop a enfranchisement Procedure for energy hearers Undertake Energy Management Systems presentation undertakings and look into a plan of industry developing support particularly for SMEs.Success Measures/Monitoring IndexsNo. of energy hearers trained No of ESCOs in the state No of Industries/commercial edifices transporting out regular audits Mandatory energy audits implemented for high energy users Timeline 1-2 old ages Resources An estimated Rs 3 million is required for the capacity edifice undertaking for Energy Auditors which includes the purchase of basic energy usage monitoring equipment and about Rs 1 million for the development of MEPS on common industrial electrical equipment.Strategy 3: Energy Savings in the Public SectorScheme The Government will take by illustration through raising energy efficiency consciousness among authorities employees and by implementing specific steps within its ain edifices. Aim of Strategy To increasingly upgrade the energy public presentation of bing public edifices and accomplish best pattern energy public presentation in new edifices Require all public sector organic structures to bring forth one-year studies puting out their energy efficiency actions and advancement. Facilitate exchange of energy efficiency best pattern between public sector organic structures through the web. Necessitate that public organic structures to buy merely energy efficient illuming as from 2009 when put ining or replacing illuming. Appropriate Procurement standards must be formulated. Critical Stairss for Execution The Energy Services Division under the MPU has already prepared an action program to upgrade the energy public presentation of authorities edifices and the costs will be met under the 2008-2009 budgetary steps. The future Observatories de L'Energie will take the lead to necessitate all public sector organic structures to bring forth one-year studies puting out their energy efficiency actions and advancement and to ease exchange of energy efficiency best pattern between public sector organic structures through the web. The MPU and the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development will work out the procurance standard for energy efficient lightings through the Sustainable Procurement Framework.Strategy 4: Energy Savings in the Transport SectorSchemeThe energy burden of conveyance depends on the system ( the manner of conveyance ) ; the engineering ( the vehicle ) and the user ( driver behaviour ) . The major parts towards energy nest eggs for this sector will originate from a important modal displacement to public conveyance. This issue has non been addressed by the commission as there are a figure of undertaking already in the grapevine. The commission has focused its work on engineering and driver behaviour. Vehicle Technology is forcing towards greater energy efficiency through steps associating to air-conditioning systems, tire force per unit area supervising systems, sustainable biofuels etc. A High-Occupancy Vehicle lane ( or HOV lane ) is a lane reserved for vehicles with a driver and one or more riders. These lanes are besides known as carpool lanes, commuter lanes, diamond lanes, express lanes, and theodolite lanes. The working group was of the sentiment that the TMRSU should look into implementing a High Occupancy Vehicle lane on the M1 from junction Curepipe to Port Louis. The HOV lanes will be for vehicles transporting two or more people. HOV Lanes usually work best associating concentrated residential countries to cardinal concern territories and as such might be executable for Mauritius. Aim of Strategy Feasibility survey on the debut of a High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Provide Tools for energy efficient vehicle choice ( Fuel Efficiency labelling of Vehicles, Change the Vehicle Registration Tax etc ) Maintain fuel efficiency of older vehicles through an Emission Testing system Influence the consumer to modal displacement and behavioral alteration such as the Park and Ride Schemes Increase Consumer Knowledge about benefits of sustainable drive Critical Stairss for Implementation and Financial Resources Required Sensitization of decision-makers ( MPI ) TMRSU to look into the feasibleness of the HOV lane. This is to be included in the Footings of Mention of the adviser working on the feasibleness of the Bus Lane. TMRSU to put up an execution squad for an consciousness raising plan on sustainable drive. This will include information to consumers on efficient vehicles. The cost of the consciousness run is estimated at Rs 1million. The UOM will carry on a study on vehicular emanations. Through this undertaking, capacity edifice of enforcement officers will be ensured. An estimated Rs 100,000 is needed for this undertaking. The TMRSU to implement a Demand-side Management ( DSM ) scheme which include soft support steps for act uponing average displacement and behavioral change-such as promoting cycling, promote auto sharing, flexible working, financial steps such as congestion charges, park and sit schemes etc. About Rs 1 million is needed to kick start this undertaking.Strategy 5: On-site Renewable Energy Development( Bing addressed in National Energy Policy and Action Plan, to be implemented by MPU with aid from Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ) Strategy 6: Education and Awareness and R & A ; DSchemeInformation and Awareness are cardinal elements to accomplish success in footings of altering Mauritius into a more energy efficient society. A National Energy Efficiency run advancing energy efficiency among assorted mark groups through a multi-media run must be launched. This scheme is taken up by the Working Group on Education and Communication for Sustainable Lifestyles. Research is besides cardinal in finding the long term way towards sustainability. Investing in Research and Development is critical to guarantee an addition in the cognition base required to back up the turning energy sector. Technological options represent important potency for energy efficiency betterments. The possible version of internationally available engineerings and procedures need to be researched. There is a demand to hold an integrated research scheme on Energy Efficiency and Renewable energy which will assist policy shapers in better determination devising. Aim of Strategy and Critical Steps for Implementation The future Observatories de L'Energie to originate the amplification of an integrated strategic research program in coaction between UOM, UTM and MRC. This program will steer research establishments in their activities such as undertaking allotment to pupils. The consequences of the research activities must be utile to policy shapers. TEC and MRC to supply support to research workers in precedence countries of research on energy efficiency and renewable energy beginnings as identified by the strategic research program. This will include research families. From all this schemes that authorities put frontward Mauritius can be one of the states which can develop plenty green energy for the demands of the people and for the industrial intents. States like Germany and Spain are the states who take much importance for the green energy and developing it. If they can win why ca n't Mauritius. The large celebrated undertaking in Spain like PS20 ( Planta Solar 20 and Planta Solar10 ) a 20 MW and 50 MW undertaking which makes a good economic stableness in the power field of the state. Mauritius can besides do this sort of undertakings and do it to action and can do net income with a clip rhythm of approximately 15 to twenty old ages. Decision: Renewable accounted for about half of the approximative 209 GW of new electric capacity installed globally in 2010. In fact, non-hydro renewable have accounted for a large and larger portion of new electric aptitude over the past several old ages, lifting from 11 % in 2004 to about 39 % in 2011, while their part to entire worldwide bring forthing capacity has more than doubled during this period. Entire renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,470 GW in 2011, up approximately 9 % from 2010. Non-hydro renewable exceeded 400 GW, a 26 % capacity rise over 2010. Globally, air current and solar PV accounted for about 45 % and 33 % of advanced renewable capacity, in that order, followed by hydropower ( about 22 % ) If there is a suited degree of investing in the Green Energy sector, so it could afford long-run sustainable enlargement and wealth formation to the island of Mauritius, economically and giving so many possibilities of new occupations in green energy Fieldss. However, such plus will necessitate to be coordinated by Environmental and Electrical development and operation. The short-run costs of Government funding would look to be low compared to the possible long-run award available to the Mauritanian economic system. Even with the most hopeful degrees of operation over the following 5 old ages, the spendings in provision of initial direct subsidy are improbable to be much greater than 65 million. Competitively keeping and initialising the ready important island of Mauritius the Green Energy proficiency and industry over that period will let the gap in future old ages to re-examine both the advancement and the economic instance with better and more certain informations, whilst retainin g the option to capture a important piece of a place and planetary market. With a Green Energy sector based upon the island of Mauritius ‘s native Marine resource, one time developed, this sector is really possible to stay within the island of Mauritius supplying important employment. In decision, for a relatively little initial investing over the following 5 old ages at that place is the chance of go oning along the flight which may finally bring forth a big Green Energy sector with really big benefit. Mauritius is known as the Paradise Island. Make this island a Eden by giving a pollution free environment. As in India peoples of Mauritius had a civilization of giving their wealth and monetary value to the followings or to their kids ‘s, allow ‘s hope they will give a pollution free Mauritius to their following coevals.