The Awakening – a Feminist Analysis

The Awakening  is a  novel  by  Kate Chopin, first published in 1899 , set in  New Orleans  and the Southern  Louisiana  coast at the end of the nineteenth century. The plot centers on Edna Pontellier and her struggle to reconcile her increasingly unorthodox views on femininity and motherhood with the prevailing social attitudes of the turn-of-the-century  South. It is one of the earliest American novels that focuses on women's issues without condescension. It is also widely seen as a landmark work of early  feminism. Kate Chopin’s  The Awakening  was a bold piece of fiction in its time, and protagonist Edna Pontellier was a controversial character.She upset many nineteenth century expectations for women and their supposed roles. One of her most shocking actions was her denial of her role as a mother and wife. Kate Chopin displays this rejection gradually, but the concept of motherhood is major theme throughout the novel. Edna is fighting against the so cietal and natural structures of motherhood that force her to be defined by her title as wife of Leonce Pontellier and mother of Raoul and Etienne Pontellier, instead of being her own, self-defined individual.Through Chopin’s focus on two other female characters, Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz, Edna’s options of life paths are exhibited. These women are the examples that the men around Edna contrast her with and from whom they obtain their expectations for her. Edna, however, finds both role models lacking and begins to see that the life of freedom and individuality that she wants goes against both  society  and nature. The inevitability of her fate as a male-defined creature brings her to a state of despair, and she frees herself the only way she can, through suicide.All throughout â€Å"The Awakening,† Kate Chopin shows examples of how women should and should not act in society, in their homes, and with their husbands. In Edna Pontellier's adopted society, women are viewed more valuable when they conform into the mother-woman role. The mother-woman role is another form of men control, because it dictates how women should idolize their children, worship their husbands, and honor their isolated but inferior positions      As the novel progresses, Edna begins to make increasingly â€Å"open-eyed choice[s] to defy illusions and conventions†.Throughout the novel Edna becomes increasingly sexual, also becoming aware of her sexuality. Her bond of friendship with Robert seems harmless at first, but when he leaves for Mexico Edna believes she is in love with him: â€Å"For the first time she recognized anew the symptoms of infatuation. . . to torture her as it was doing then with the biting conviction that she had lost that which she had held, that she had been denied that which her impassioned, newly awakened being demanded† (Chopin 44).Edna has never had any sexual encounters with Robert, yet her emotions are so a roused by her close friend she is â€Å"infatuated† with him. Until this point, Edna seems to have not realized her feelings for Robert. In time she will call these feelings love, but at this point she is deeply upset because the man she is â€Å"infatuated† with is leaving. Edna’s emotions have been stirred for the first time in a long time, and she is unwilling to merely deal with the fact that the man who did this is leaving.Edna goes into a childlike pout, neglecting the familial duties she previously completed without fail. Edna’s awakening comes in two parts, the emotionally sexual awakening she experiences with Robert and the physically sexual awakening reached with Arobin (Seyersted, Kate Chopin 155). When Robert leaves her the first time, she is upset and broods, unable to believe he left so abruptly, and without saying goodbye. Arobin cannot gain this control over Edna’s emotions, as she distances herself from him and restrains herself fr om becoming too emotionally attached.Through her experience with Robert, Edna has learned to keep her emotional distance from men, lest she be hurt again. Edna is definitely a more sexual being now than previously in the novel. Before she recoiled at the touch of her closest friend, and now she is indulging in a forbidden kiss, holding Arobin close to prolong the contact. She is also more reserved. Arobin is quite anxious to see Edna again, but Edna pushes him away telling him she will see him at her dinner party, â€Å"not an instant sooner† (Chopin 82).Edna takes control of the situation, pushing Arobin away when he begs to see her again, having come to an enlightened state of being, learning from her mistakes and being an active force in her own life. Edna now makes decisions (such as moving out of the house) based on what is right for her, choices that will drastically affect her life, doing so with open eyes and a clear head. Edna is feminist in nature, but her feminism comes with a price, and not many people are strong enough to endure social ostracizing to enjoy personal freedom.Chopin wonderfully illustrates Edna’s dilemma, showing possible consequences of becoming enlightened outside the context of a broader social movement. By the end of the novel, Chopin still refuses to tell us whether Edna’s awakening is liberating, or if it is tragic. They argue that Edna Pontellier’s awakening is one of mental clarity, and her suicide is a triumphant act. By committing suicide Edna is finally freeing herself from social constraints and possession. Her suicide is an act of liberation, therefore Edna is the ultimate feminist.

How did world war one change the role and status of women in England and Wales?

During the nineteenth century, before war broke out new job opportunities began to emerge for women as teachers, shop workers, clerks and secretaries in offices. Even girls from working class backgrounds were able to achieve higher status than that of their parents and began to receive better pay packets. Women from middleclass backgrounds were gaining better education opportunities and a few won the chance to go into higher education eventually becoming doctors to name but one thing. However education wasn't improving for the majority of women in lower classes often receiving no education. This left them no options but to go into domestic service or the â€Å"sweated industries† such as cotton factories or home dress making. Also between 1839 and 1886 there were a series of laws passed giving married women greater legal rights, however they couldn't yet vote in general elections. Some people thought that all women should be allowed to vote too as the number of men who could vote was gradually increasing. Others disagreed, yet the debate was not as simple as a case of men versus women. Early campaigners for the vote were known as suffragists. These were mainly middle class women. Their leader was Mrs Millicent Fawcett. By handing out leaflets they began achieving some success with Liberal Mps and leading Conservative Mps. However this still got them know where. Then by 1903 Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst started the Women's Social and Political Union. The â€Å"Daily Mail† named this group the â€Å"Suffragettes† this got them into the headlines. The â€Å"suffragettes† caused chaos disrupting political meetings and harassed ministers. Often ending up in prison, eventually going on hunger strike. The above source shows that when many of the men signed up to be part of the Great War, there was no longer sufficient numbers left to continue making munitions and other industrial instruments. It was the women in the munitions factories that came out the worst in the end, after dealing with the harmful TNT their skin began to turn yellow and their hair became ginger. With this they became easily recognised and were given the nickname of â€Å"Canaries†. The long-term effects however were much worse than they initially thought; many women were unable to become pregnant. However this job was highly paid and they women didn't have much other choice, it was also considered an important job and a valid contribution to the war effort. The source published during the war showed the positive aspects of working women, however it portrayed the women as strong, healthy and capable of doing men's jobs while they were at war. Overall a positive image; hoping to encourage more women to join the war effort. Then on the other hand it does not show the illnesses that the women suffered and the dangers of working in the factory. As the image shows they were constantly surrounded by the shells of the bombs, which in this image were all, filled with TNT, you can tell this by the fact that the tops are on. They also had to be very careful when moving them as if they dropped one it cause the whole factory and its workers to go up with it. While the majority of men were leaving home for the war many young women also found themselves leaving home for the first time. These women left to join the land army. As the above source shows women were beginning to take over the men's jobs that many of the farmers who gave the women board and lodge thought not very lady like. However without the women's help potatoes would not have been picked, sheep would not have been tended to. Women left for the land army as I thought it was a chance to gain freedom and new experiences. However it was not all that it seemed they were under strict discipline and once they were there they could not get out of it as they signed contracts for either six months or a year. Overall this source is accurate, as the historian G. Thomas has gathered factual information from the time. Even though the source was recorded many years after the First World War the entire source is based on information of the time. My daughter went out at 7am to the Maypole Diary Co. shop and after waiting till 10.30am was turned away without any margarine, came home chilled to the bone besides losing education. If we could have a system of rationing, I believe these hardships would be overcome. â€Å"Workers† Dreadnought† (A weekly newspaper of the East London Federation of Suffragettes, and edited by Sylvia Pankhurst) 19 January 1918 Not all women had the chance to get good jobs in munitions factories or join the land army. Many had to deal with food shortages, and often as the source tells us queue for hours on end without any food by the end of it. The source gives us a realistic view of how working class women had to deal with life while husbands, sometimes sons were away fighting for the country. The â€Å"Workers Dreadnought† was aimed at the working class audience, bringing their suffrage to light. The source gives us just one example of how a young child had to find food as her mother had to work to raise some money that would supply a small amount of food. The source also informs us that many had already thought of rationing yet it was used until a month later, which was February 1918. Nevertheless, many wealthy upper class people survived on their wealth. They were able to send out their servants to queue for them. Or they could barter on the black market. Through their wealth they were able to obtain any food they wanted. Many women offered their services to help with the war effort, however both employers and trade unionists were reluctant to see women working in men's jobs, particularly in munitions factories. However women didn't take this lying down. As the above source shows they held a huge procession on the 17th of July letting the employers and trade unionists know that they were prepared to work. Within the procession there was a large banner reading â€Å"Men of the Empire are Fighting – The Women of the Empire are Working†. This source proves that women are not just good at cooking and cleaning, but determined to contribute. Nevertheless without the women's contribution to the war effort, especially in munitions factories Britain would not have won the war. The above sources tell us of women's working lives during the war. These posters show an idealistic view of mothers preparing packages for their beloved. These posters were far from the reality; there wasn't enough food to go around without sending packages to the battles. Even joining food queues did not determine even a small amount of food. This must have been so disheartening. â€Å"Pears' Soap† was advertised in â€Å"The Illustrated London news†. An upper class newspaper that could not have been supportive of the ways in which everyone had begun cutting back. â€Å"Only the Best is good enough† due to the war any soap would have done, the company could not have understood the ways that all classes were suffering. This included the upper class. The Bishop of Liverpool said the other day that drink was now most deadly amongst women. He could speak of a street in which almost every woman was drinking and demoralised. The Bishop of London†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦also said quite recently that the East End clergy told him that they had never known such an orgy of drinking among women as during the last 12 months. ‘White Ribbon' [the monthly newspaper of the British Women's Temperance Association]. December 1915 Women had little free time for any leisure activities as they were either working or if food was short queuing for what they could get. The above source is unreliable about what women were getting up to in the December 1915; this is as ‘ White Ribbon' concentrates on the big cities like Liverpool and London. It is also written by an anti alcohol association which could be making the circumstances under which they saw these women's drinking habits worse than they actually were. This source does not cover the country or smaller towns. Therefore people who read this article would have been reading inaccurate information on women's leisure time. With as the source says more than six million men going away to war, women were left with only their salaries to pay for the rent on their homes. Landlords felt that with constant increases in numbers to the cities as this is where the jobs were would cause people to take in lodgers which would help with the rent. However it didn't work out like this, once the landlords put up the rent women found that they couldn't make the payments and decided to go on strike. This left the landlords in a worse position than they had been, as they were now receiving no money. This source shows a realistic view of what women had to deal with while their male relatives fought in the war. It is likely to be an accurate source as G. Thomas is a historian who would have used articles of the time to write this article. Previous sources tell us about women's attitudes and domestic lives. These statistics from a report written after the war show a positive change for women. There is an obvious increase of women in employment in every job except domestic service where there is a decline. However this decline cannot be taken in a negative way, this shows that during the war women found that they were better used in other jobs. These would have also been better paid. This source must have been very positive to the women who had worked to change men's attitudes to women and their working roles. Even though this was published twelve years after the war it is still useful. Overall the source is biased as it is from the obituary of Millicent Fawcett. Yet it tells us of how the war acted as a catalyst to women getting the vote. The vote would have eventually arrived in Britain, but not as soon. Through the war politicians realised that women's voices now had the write to be heard, they then gained the vote for women over eighteen in 1918. However there were probably other factors apart from the war that would have lead to women gaining the vote. This shows that women involved in air factories that probably feared losing their jobs as they thought they would no longer be needed, now had a chance to remain in employment. However this time the work was more enjoyable as they did not have the worry of war over their heads. This source proves that even though many women were at first reluctant to join the war effort. By the time it was over many didn't want to return to their lives of cooking and cleaning so jobs such as toy making which they not only enjoyed but they were good at proved a positive way to go. Evaluation World War One brought about the change in the role and status of women, as before the war as I stated in my introduction women remained in the home while the men went out to work and paid for food and anything that might have been needed in the home. With the outbreak of war all this began to change, first slowly then as more and more men signed up the role of women quickly changed. For the employers and trade unionists this was hard to take in, they believed that many jobs women were now completing were not suitable. However they had no other option but to employ them. With the men at war women became the sole earners, just as their husbands had done. Except women also had to continue cooking once they had finished working as many had to provide for young families. Young women also found new freedom in the land army giving them experience that they would not necessarily achieved without the war. Many travelled more than they would have done and began to enjoy jobs that before would have been considered ‘men's ‘ jobs. Employers soon began to realise that assembly jobs for things such as gramophones were much better suited to women they had more nimble hands and enjoyed the work a lot more than men would have. The most dramatic change however was women's political status. Mps soon realised that giving women the vote would say thank you for their contribution to the war. The war speeded up women gaining the vote as pre war there were two main groups who spent time handing out leaflets and making stands in political meetings, trying to persuade the government to give women the vote. Finally the government gave in giving all women the right to vote in 1918. As far as women's role and status changed the war could not have helped more. The war allowed women to show their potential in a working environment, at the beginning it could have gone either way but employers gave them a chance and it all worked out for the best as when the men returned they went back to their jobs but women had realised what they were good at and new jobs were now available to them. Overall The Great War brought about the most substantial change in women's roles.

Case Study Project . SEE DETAILED INSTRUCTION BELLOW Essay

Case Study Project . SEE DETAILED INSTRUCTION BELLOW - Essay Example conflict, as well as multiple contributing factors are explored, and secondly, the study addresses issues of timeliness, adequacy and effectiveness of the international reaction. The logic behind this structure of the research is as follows – while the former could produce sound understanding of both the duration of the conflict and the extent of the atrocities perpetrated by all belligerent parties, hence the scale of the disaster, the latter – the evaluation of the international response – inter alia might help explain the relative failure of the humanitarian efforts, as demonstrated by the current situation in the region (IRIN, 2014). The crisis in the Darfur – which literally means land of the Fur – region of Sudan could be said to have begun in October 2002 when the Janjaweed militia, trained and equipped by the Sudanese army, carried out violent attacks on the local people from camps in Jabal Kargu, Boni, and Idalghanam in southern Darfur (Collins, 2005: 156; de Waal, 2005: 129). Being characterised by extreme cruelty, involving killings, mutilations, rapes, and abductions, those raids also bore indubitable signs of ethnic cleansing – not only the Fur, Massalit, and Zaghawa were targeted, but also the fields, wells, irrigation works, schools, clinics and other infrastructure was methodically destroyed in order to drive the local population from their holdings (Collins, 2005: 156). In the early 2003, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA/M) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), who are believed to have themselves attacked civilians in Darfur, started attacking the government forces in response to raids mounted by the government-backed militias (Bellamy, 2005: 31; Collins, 2005: 156; BBC News, 2010). The killings and displacement escalated during the summer and autumn of 2003, while the Sudanese army defeated the SLA north of Kutum in late August; in September 2003, the Chadian government mediated a ceasefire between the belligerent sides, which

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Individual research brief - Essay Example Most of the company clients are famous and reputable restaurants, but it has not been selling to the general public as yet. Because the company has strong hold in the market of France, UK and Austria they would start their research from the same place. This would help them have a better understanding of what the general public is expecting from the product and what opinion they have about the restaurant quality of food that is on the list of Farina supplies. A research has to be conducted in the similar manner, the higher management of the company has decided to hire a team which could help them undertake the research and provide them with a research brief. They have had conversation over the phones and email correspondence which have highlighted the main research objectives. These research objectives would enable to target the right area and right target. Along with the target audience it will also help the researchers to find the methods they would adopt and what are the financial and procurement requirements for the research. In the end they would briefly explain their expected results and how long would they require to complete the research brief. The main objective of the paper is to observe and examine the attitude of the customer towards using Olive Oil at homes. It will give a wholesome view of the olive oil market along with the consumption of the product by the household and other users (Writings, 2014). The main objective have been divided further into three simple parts. The first part of the objective is to examine how oil are used in domestic settings, and what are the customer requirements. The objective to establish the understanding that how many households are using the product and how satisfied are they. It will also discover what kind of olive oil they are using and would also generate results of the expected product from the makers. The second part of the objective is to

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Linguistics - Term Paper Example Coprolalia is not only in verbal situations but some of its victims also show signs of obscenities like usually sticking the middle finger to the police and public, using the hands and body parts around the genitals to give gestures of sexual obscenities the deaf could also use sign language. The condition of Coprolalia is part of a condition called the Tourette syndrome (Timothy 20). I believe that since this is more of a social than a medical problem, it is the role of the society as a whole to educate itself about coprolalia. The society includes those suffering from the condition and those not suffering from it because both sides are victims. On the side of the affected, it is the role of those they interact with on a daily basis to educate them about the condition. For the young children, it is the role of their parents and teachers to teach them on how to control themselves when exposed to certain situations. The patient should be made to acknowledge that these words are involuntary and do not depict their actual opinions on the person he might have told. Teachers should teach the students not to be involved in situations that they are likely to get annoyed as their reactions are highly explosive. Therefore, as a child grows up, they will learn that they have to know to what extent he can carry on with an argument before they lose their cool and starts talk ing obscenities involuntarily. The parents should comfort their children by assuring them that even those suffering from this condition can lead healthy normal lives. Illustrations from family members and well known professionals can help assure the child of a bright future. It is important especially for the girls to be told that the condition is not hereditary and, therefore, their children will not necessarily have a similar condition (Mitzi 99). Since coprolalia is a condition of Tourette syndrome, public awareness of the condition can be done by giving contributions to the Tourette Syndrome

In the majority of the population there are stigmata surrounding the Research Paper

In the majority of the population there are stigmata surrounding the nature of a motorcyclist or Biker - Research Paper Example This made many veterans to access the urban centers and taste every bit of bliss in the cities including drinking and partying. A bike rally in Hollister culminated in the formation of bike gangs. This was the first incident of bike gang which took part in a bloody riot. This riot led to the destruction of property and other valuable in various restaurants and buildings, by drunken motorcyclists. This group caused mayhem without recourse and this has been replicated ever since. This sub-culture is prevalent in the use of cruiser motorcycles. According to Guardians of the Children, the sub-culture thrives in various ideologies like resistance to the mainstream culture of motorcycles (47). In fact, most of the biker gang indulges in malpractices in order to satisfy their daily needs. These groups have their operation in deviance and anarchy given that they do not conform to any set rules and regulation. The gangs use their organizations in propagating their criminal activities. In this regard, their criminality is camouflaged, hence it becomes difficult to apprehend and completely eliminate this sub-culture. The gang is usually structured and has broad networks, which enhances its operations over large geographical regions. The criminal activities the gangs indulge in include drug-trafficking, violence, arms trafficking, abduction and piracy. There are many of these gangs in America, which usually constitute of various numbers of individuals. The most common of these gangs include the Bandidos, Sons of silence and the Hells angels. These biker gangs pose a threat to peace and order among the citizens. Goodman asserts that the outlawed group manages to operate drug and weapon smuggling due to the broad network it has across the globe (41). In fact, there is interlinking of their activities with international drug trafficking organizations. The other motorcycle club is the riding club which is less associated with the intrigues of the biggest gang clubs. The vintag e group of motorcycle clubs is concerned with the ferrying of higher social class people including clergies, emergence blood runners and courier clubs. It is difficult to pursue the criminal gangs because they are friendly like anybody else and they have a broad social and criminal network. Even the intelligence services cannot yield much in pursuit of theses outlawed criminal bike gangs. Furthermore, the freedom they have enhanced the commission of many criminal activities under cover. In addition, they are feared, hence many people lack the guts of daring them. According to The New York Times, legally registered motorcycle clubs like the British motorcycle Federation have great influence in the civil society (23). They also abate the criminal activities of the gang groups under cover. Therefore, it had been hard to reform the motorcycle industry and get rid of the criminal activities propagated by the ill-minded motorcyclists. It has proofed impossible to destroy and discontinue t he biker gang sub-culture. For instance, the federation was created with an aim of protecting the welfare often motorcyclists. The biker gangs are part of the industry, hence they have always been protected even when they have been on the wrong side of the law. Such legally recognized motorcycle organizations have posed a greater threat to the peace and harmony with regard to abatement of criminal activities. Bribery cannot be ruled out in such circumstances

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Aerodynamics and Propulsion principles Coursework

Aerodynamics and Propulsion principles - Coursework Example To understand the operation of a turbofan, first we need to look into its construction and the function of individual components. Figure 1 describes the arrangement of the components of a turbofan and indicates the direction of normal air flow in the engine. All the 5 components: intake, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and the exhaust nozzle have their unique role to play in the working of a turbofan and contribute in providing the necessary thermodynamic and aerodynamic requirements of the overall system. By understanding the individual function of these components, we can determine the performance measures and the complexities that have to be considered in the design of a turbo fan. Before we proceed to the operation of a gas turbine, we will describe the aerodynamic role of individual parts.In this section, we will describe the aerodynamic behavior of the engine components that were mentioned in section 1 in the same order as the air encounters them in a turbofan. Intake g uides the air from the atmosphere to the fan of the engine and assists the engine by increasing the pressure before the air is sucked in by the engine (Gordon). It has an aerodynamic design to minimize the drag and is basically a nozzle with increasing cross section (Jet Propulsion) that results in a higher pressure at the fan. Moreover, its front should not generate any turbulence in the flow of air as it can cause severe conditions inside the engine and lift may dangerously drop. Intake has to accommodate both the bypass and engine streams of air so that no considerable pressure gradients result at the face of the fan. For faulty conditions, intake may have to provide a larger mass of air than normal requirement of an engine and so has to have a reasonable choke limit. 3.2 Fan and Compressor Compressor is the first component of considerable aerodynamic complexity that the air meets in its way to the exhaust. A compressor is made up of several fan-like moving blades called airfoils alternately arranged with the stators are the stationary blades (Figure 2). Figure 2: Axial compressor. (Turbine Engines) The airfoils blow the air ahead and stators decelerate it, thus increasing the pressure with successive sections. There are usually two separate parts of a compressor: the low pressure and the high pressure compressor. This division is necessary because as the pressure increases, the speed of rotating airfoils has to increase. To maintain the air mass flow rate which depends both on the speed of flow and pressure, compressor

Globalization and South Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process Essay Example for Free

The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process Essay The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is not descriptive of a catalytic event but a chronic conflict that has persisted for more than half a century. The military and political ramifications of the conflict in Palestine and the Arab world are nothing but huge (Barsalou 2003; Bregman El-Tahiri 1998). For years the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has trudged on dotted with what has currently been accepted as twists and turns of small successes and persistent failure of the peace process at large. The underlying issues are as broad as the range of interventions that can be used to solve them but the political will to enforce recommendations has been lacking ever since Israel self declared its independence and Palestine in collaboration with the Arab world declared war on the Israeli state. However, the complexity of the eventualities that led to the collapse of the peace process can not forever prevent the success of any future interventions so long as key issues are straightened out. As the peace process remains stalled, any future intervention will have to desist from pushing partial agreements and instead advocate for a comprehensive and sustainable7 final status agreement. There is need to avoid sequenced confidence building strategies that had been prevalent with the past peace process negotiations. This is crucial to prevent the peace process from becoming a hostage to security. Instead both parties in the negotiation table should be encouraged to adopt a strategy that promotes a mutual and comprehensive ceasefire by both the Israelis and the Palestinians (Brown2009). The Israeli government should freeze all construction developments in occupied territories because these settlements are in contravention of international law. Abidance to such preliminary conditions is critical in driving the negotiations to sustainable resolution of underlying issues and subsequently the charting out of a final status document that is agreeable for all the negotiating parties. As the international community; the United States included, continues to provide support towards the democratization and the creation of the Palestinian state, it should be understood that such sovereignty cannot be achieved under conditions akin to military occupation, thus the ceasefires. It is a fact that with America spearheading the peace process, Palestinians and the Arab world will never believe in the impartiality of the mediator. Thus, if America is to continue being the mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, the United States must restore its credibility as an impartial and honest broker by adopting an even handed role. The nature of America’s Middle East foreign policies is a slap in the face of their supposed stance of impartiality. The military and economic cooperation with the Israelis will only serve to advance the understanding that America can only drive the negotiation to endpoints that are in congruence with its own interests and values such as the advancement of democracy and equal rights. Such positions even if unbiased in America’s perspective may not be in congruence with the desires of the Palestinian populace (Avineri 2001; Baddar 2007; Carpenter 2008). The failure of the United States to exert considerable pressure on Israel on important concessions of the peace process negotiations remain a great stumbling block to the realization of sustainable peace. As opposed to earlier formulations of the peace process, a sustainable peace process should allow the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process to be driven by principles of international law. This would mark a paradigm shift from the current status quo. Basing the peace negotiations on international law ensures the neutrality of mediation. Moreover, under international law, Israel will have to stop settlements in territories that are not recognized under international law as well as improving on the definition and clarity of negotiations based on neutrality. Additionally, such a shift would make the negotiations and the final resolution of the conflict acceptable to the international community. Only international law can level the playing field in the peace process negotiations. If such a strategy is used the final resolution will not only be reflection of justice but also ensure that the fundamental rights of the Palestinians are respected. If negotiations proceed as per the current status quo, the final resolutions that are not in congruence to international law may not be easy to implement. The international community and especially the United Nations should be involved in the pursuit of novel approaches of solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Daalder et al 2006). This call is not only urgent but late in coming. The failure of the Israeli-Palestinian peace processes has been partly attributable to the insistence of keeping out the United Nation in the peace negotiations. The specially scripted negotiations such as the Oslo Process and even the RoadMap to peace by various mediatory parties have only led to persistent stagnation and hopelessness among the Palestinians (Greenstein 2003; Rubenberg 2003). It is only in the best interest of the international community that the United Nations steps in to give the Palestinians hope and steer the peace process to sustainability. Finally, it should not be lot on all negotiating parties that any strategy should conclusively address and resolve the root causes of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In essence, the sidestepping of the real causative issues in the conflict has been at the core of the failures of the peace process. Infact, the conflict only arose when the native Palestinians were dispossessed of their land during the establishment of the State of Israel. Moreover, when it comes to the question of the Palestinian refugees, Israel has consistently refused to make an alteration on its position preferring instead to disregard the existence of legitimate rights of these populations. The important of the centrality of the refugee question based on international law is thus critical in future negotiations. In conclusion, the Palestinians must, as a matter of criticality in the peace process, accept the existence of Israel as a state because failure to accept that single historical eventuality will automatically stagnate the peace process. So long as the ideals of liberating Palestine from Israeli occupation coupled to the complex desires of the Muslim fundamentalists are supremely put to the fore in the negotiation process, Israel will undoubtedly maintain its hard-line stance on the need to protect its citizens from external extremist attacks and consequently continue to create a buffer zone between Israel and Palestine. The political instability of Palestine is also a detriment to the pursuit of lasting peace. Palestine must strive to create a stable government that is not only representative of the entire Palestinian populace but also possess the full political and military authority to upkeep the recommendations of the peace process. In this stride, the international community should help Palestinians through interventions that are acceptable to the world at large because the ongoing extremism, fundamentalism and resultant political instability is not beneficial to pursuit of global peace and security. References Avineri, S. (2001). A Realistic U. S Role in the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://www. carnegieendowment. org/publications/index. cfm? fa=viewid=866 Baddar, Omar. (2007). US Policy and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Hotel InterContinental, New Orleans, LA, Jan 03, 2007 Not Available. 2009-02-04 http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p154225_index. html Barsalou, J. (2003). The Long Road to Palestinian Reform. Middle East Policy; 10:1, 154-164 Bregman, A. , El-Tahiri,J. (1998). The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs. London: Penguin,1998; 1-15 Brown, N.. Palestine and Israel: Time for Plan B. Policy Brief, February 2009; No 78 http://carnegieendowment. org/publications/index. cfm? fa=viewid=22792prog=zgpproj=zme Carpenter,T. G. (2008). Smart Power: Toward a Prudent Foreign Policy for America. Cato Institute; 122 Daalder, I. H. , Gnesotto, N. , Gordon, P. H. (2006). Crescent of crisis: U. S. -European strategy f for the greater Middle East. Brookings Institution Press; 48 Greenstein, F. I. (2003). The George W. Bush presidency: an early assessment. JHU Press; 110-115 Rubenberg, C. (2003). The Palestinians: in search of a just peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers; 286-290

Ivory Coast Cocoa Beans Economics Essay

Ivory Coast Cocoa Beans Economics Essay Ivory Coast or Cote is a country in West Africa and has an area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹322,462 square kilometers with a view to the borders of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana, and its southern boundary is the Gulf of Guinea, where cocoa is and remains the countrys main economic resource, providing an average of about 35% of the total value of exports from Ivory Coast (Source: studentoftheworld). There are about 3 to 4 million people working in the cocoa sector (producers, trackers, entrepreneurs, cooperatives, exporters and local processors) to 2.5 million hectares of cocoa plantations operated by about 700,000 farmers. Southwestern Cà ´te dIvoire has established itself as the main production area, and the port of San Pedro became the first port of Cà ´te dIvoire cocoa (Source: Abidjan.net). Been largest cocoa producer, later, after leading producer Ivory Coast are Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria, Cameroon and Brazil. Closing stocks of cocoa in the 2010-11 c rop year rose 7.2% year / year to 1.763 metric tons (Source: Spectrum products) Cocoa was first imported into Spain from South America in 1528 by Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s. in 1635 the cocoa is grown successfully in Ecuador by the Capuchin monastic order and the end of the 17th century, other European nations were able to establish cocoa production in areas suitable for cultivation in the Caribbean and South America: Curacao ( Netherlands), Jamaica (Great Britain), Brazil (Portugal), Guyana and Grenada (France). During the 19th century, the growing demand for cocoa has led to its introduction in Africa, Principle Santo, Santo Fernando Po, Nigeria and Ghana. Between 1925 and 1939, production increased in Africa in the 19th century, chocolate was regarded as part of the staple diet of the French family (Source: zchocolat). Market size World market is expected to grow from 83.2 million in 2010.to $ 98.3 billion in 2016 and an estimated 2.7% from 2011 to 2016 the consumption of chocolate increases two times faster than cocoa production . Chocolate consumption increases tangentially to 3% in production when the growth was only 1.5% per year. The gap between production and consumption is likely to increase further in the coming years because retailers want to expand the market of Eastern Europe and China (Source: Consumption of chocolate). In early 1990, Asia has developed an interest in the chocolate market more Japan experienced a significant increase in the consumption of chocolate during the last decade. Demand in China has risen to 9,000 tons in 2000, an increase of over 90% compared to the previous year. Among the cocoa producing countries, Brazil has experienced an increase of 10% of annual consumption per person since 1993 (Source: zchocolat). Global consumption is estimated at 2.8 million tons per year. The largest importers of cocoa Europe (more than 1.2 million tons per year) and the United States (0.4 million tonnes per year). European countries are the largest consumers of cocoa and chocolate. Each country has its own preferences and style of chocolate, the popularity of different products that vary according to the national taste. On average, the Swiss quartet around 10.55 kg of chocolate per person per year. As a nation, Britain consumes more than 500,000 tons of chocolate per year. In France, the average per capita consumption of 6.8 kg per year, New Year and Easter are the most important occasions for tasting and chocolate gifts. European countries is considered as an important new emerging market and should remain so in the near future. Planting / Supplier My factory is located in the main area where they grow cocoa beans. As being, we must ensure that the products used in the manufacture of chocolate are easy to find, cheap to buy and not going to cost a lot when delivered to the factory, but Africa is full of materials that often dominate a chain supply logic, West Africa exports 90% agric-food industry in Europe. The major producers of cocoa beans come from West Africa, which grew by 37.3% and 19.7% of total world production in 2007 (Source: europa.eu). Producers in the South (Africa) provided 3.5 million tons of cocoa, which is mainly consumed in Europe today, cocoa farming covers about 10 million hectares worldwide. There are about 3 to 4 million people working in the cocoa sector in West African countries with 2.5 million hectares of cocoa plantations operated by about 700,000 farmers. (Source: Abidjan.net). Regular cocoa represents 95% of world production in West Africa supplies about 70% of world production (Source: zchocolat), Cà ´te dIvoire with the most important country in the production of cocoa. Traditionally, cocoa is grown in producer countries and sold for export in the form of beans. Importing countries then process the beans, the transformation of raw materials or semi-finished products (cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, cocoa powder, etc.) due to its importance in terms of global production, producers West Africa seeks to increase cocoa production. Growing cocoa is an important source of income for many smallholder farmers. Most plantations are family farms of 2-10 hectares (Source: zchocolat). This production is particularly important in terms of demand of the national economy for the local cocoa is relatively low and therefore most of the production is exported. The economic growth After appearing in French West Africa, Ivory Coast has been hit by years of stagnation in a failed coup in 2002 divided the country and a brief post-election war has killed thousands. The IMF expects a growth of over 8.1 percent, inflation was 1.7 percent in June, down from 1.9 percent at the end of last year. However, Ivory Coast showed signs of recovery at the end of the war and the economy was better than expected in the first half of 2012, the outlook for 2013 is positive, with continued strong growth and low inflation, said Michel Lazare , the head of the IMF mission in Ivory Coast (Source: Yahoo News), where, in 2009, GDP growth was 3.8%, due to political instability in recent decades (Source: CIA), but its economy is stable and growing. The global recession Demand continues to grow cocoa beans, even thought the world was affected by the global economic crisis. World cocoa grindings in 2010-11 season increased 2.8% y / y to 3.780 million tonnes, a new record. Europe is the worlds largest consumer of cocoa consumption at about 37.1% of world production (Source: zchocolat). The fact is that chocolate consumption is dominated by Western countries, with 70% of the lucrative market where chocolate sales are concentrated in these countries. Over 90% of the worlds cocoa comes from small 5.5 million, approximately 3.5 million tons of cocoa are produced each year, nearly 50 million people depend on cocoa for their livelihood, West Africa produce more than 50 % of cocoa in the world. In 2010, 1% of world production was sold to Six big business conditions which are 80% of the worlds chocolate, Hershey, Mars, Philip Morris, Nestle, Cadbury, Ferrero. Europe consumes only about 40% per year in the worlds cocoa beans, with 85% of West African wine. Competitors (source: sfu.ca) Crime and Corruption   I will wait to invest in an area with less crime and corruption. When you look at the website for the worlds most corrupt countries, according to an annual survey by Transparency International in Berlin that corruption is the use of public office for private purposes, is seen as among state politicians and other platforms. Worldwide only 183 countries included in the survey research in my country of choice is not among the top 20 (Source: ec.europa.eu). She is set to zero (highly corrupt) to 10 (low level of perceived corruption). Denmark, New Zealand and Sweden, get the best score of 9.3 in the bottom of the ratings list, Haiti Iraq are 1.8 and eventually Somalia, with a score of 1 (Source: Infoplease). Country Agreement with the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹making chocolate abroad, the country gives its approval to establish the activity of the cocoa plant in the country, due to lack of financial depth lacking in most African countries development and increased unemployment, I think that everyone try to create jobs for its citizens to contribute to the economic growth of the country itself. However, President Alassane Ouattara, who took office in 2011, has focused on economic reforms and infrastructure investments. The government also launched a major reform of the cocoa sector to ensure a minimum wage for farmers and encourage investment in aging plantations (Source: Yahoo News). Cocoa beans are coveted by contractors worldwide, but due to financial shortages in the country, the Board of Global Ventures Plc could invest in this sector and implement the cacao plant, first, that the country will never Have at it, makes the country to stimulate their economies, globalization enables the organization to increase profits and market size in some areas of the developing world, such as Africa and Asia, where wages n Cheap is an example of what will be a British manufacturer Dyson in their business beyond Malaysia to maximize your profit and do not cost much more than the salaries of their employees. In the case of Malaysia allows the country to create employment opportunities for the local community and contribute to improving the economy (Source: P Wetherly 23). As for the Dyson scenario, developing countries may depend on international lenders and entrepreneurs to invest in their country. Some companies build international relations with supplier countries to secure their investment. With this investment, farmers are well paid because the company handles cases only acquires better pay, but also lead the countrys economic growth and reduce unemployment, improve the quality and style of life. Structure of the Ivory Coast market Ivory Coast has been in the oligopolistic market structure, because of its pre-colonial agreement, trying to understand the role played by the French government in the history of Ivory Coast, France has played a formative role in the development of the Costa Ivory in the cocoa sector in particular. This exploitation has existed since the creation of the nineteenth century colonial empire. at the beginning, during the twentieth century, cocoa became the most important export product of Ivory Coast. France manipulate the structure and traditions of Ivorian society to promote their own interests, the establishment of monocultures. The French began to expand cocoa production strictly in the 1930s and, finally, the development that took place in the cocoa sector of the Ivory Coast from 1930 to 1950 helped the economy of Ivory Coast in the wake of independence France in 1960. However, even in these moments of success, Cà ´te dIvoire remained strongly influenced by France as France maintai ned control of the Ivorian society during the colonial era by establishing structural dependency and neo-empire remained through investment colonial and political manipulation, with more than 1,000 French companies and 147 subsidiaries registered in the economy of Ivory Coast, France remains the largest foreign investor in Cà ´te dIvoire. Furthermore, France has significant investments in several key areas Ivorian society, such as automotive, where cars dominate the French market, communications, where the Ivorians more often buy mobile phones Orange TM (French company) and make Local phone calls from a company owned by France Telecom, electricity and water are a subsidiary of the French company Bouygues, water supply and that Air France has 51% airline Ivory Coast for these chains economy Ivory Coast, France also controls the banks and lending institutions in Cà ´te dIvoire, which are all subsidiaries of French banks such as BNP Paribas and Crà ©dit Lyonnais. Since independence in 1960, Cà ´te dIvoire, French companies have used unfair contracts to repatriate 75% of the wealth produced there (source: DigitalCommons). Protectionism In Africa, 200 million people are undernourished, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture. For years, African governments forced farmers to leave their crops to marketing boards administered by the State at prices below market. Some of these corrupt and inefficient institutions have been weakened or removed, but many other restrictions on agriculture remain, including tariffs on products and inputs, such as fertilizers and machinery. Analysts are obsessed with subsidies to farmers in rich countries, but sub-Saharan Africas agricultural exports, compared to an average rate of 33.6%, the highest of all regions of the Earth. The World Bank estimates that global free trade in all goods would add $ 287bn to world income each year, removing their own tariffs and quotas, which artificially restrict access to other markets, including their neighbors. High food prices are now a clear and immediate reason to cut tariffs, but that does not mean it will happen. For decades, protecti onism has been imposed against the interests of local consumers because of the nature of a coalition against Western activists under the slogan Make Trade Fair, groups like Oxfam and Christian Aid urges the industry protection agriculture and local fees that may grow into or competitive with local consumers, especially the poor, who suffer from high prices. But decades of protectionism have done little for SSA. No wonder that the yields of crops such as income and life expectancy or have fallen in much of Africa since the 1980s (source: policynetwork).

Movies: Entertaining and Educational Essay -- Entertainment, films, e

Films are usually developed for several reasons. Most film writers and directors come up with films that present or represent certain thematic and topical issues that they have in mind. These issues may be meant for entertainment purpose as well as educative purposes. It is essential to note that films usually carry societal connotations (Guynn 127). They depict the desires and pains of people within the society. They capture lifestyles, cultures, and political issues, social and economic issues among others. Cinematic and narrative elements of movies together with other stylistic devices help to bring out the intended meaning or outcome. Modern filmmakers have creatively used various aspects that show events that depict historical growth of particular nations. These films show the reasons why certain historical aspects have faded away or have remained and why they hold particular importance to those nations. Au Revoir les Enfantes also known as Goodbye Children is about a French boarding school that is under the administration of priests (Everett 49). The school seems to be a place of protection where people enjoyed peace and harmony until a new student gets into the school. The new student was allocated a room, which he could share with a student who was top in his class. Despite the fact that they became rivals at their first contact, they later form an inseparable bond linked by a shared secret. They became friends one night when they got lost in the woods and are rescued by German soldiers. The soldiers wrapped them in blankets and drove them back to school. The film was written and directed by Louis Malle. It was produced in the year 1987 (Everett 49). The movie is based on an event that happened in January 1944. Louis... ...pened in particular countries. They achieve this through cinematic and narrative conventions. They depict class struggles in these historical periods. The films are used as representative of national cinematic history, such as Rossellini and Vittorio being used as representative of Italian neo-realists. Autobiographical elements have also been used to authenticate the thematic development of the films. Louis Malle used his autobiographical elements to influence the themes of Au Revoir les Enfantes. They represent a realistic version of the fiction film. Therefore, the above films clearly show that films can be important aspects when studying the historical information of particular nations. This is because the films can be used to pass information from one generation to another. Therefore, they are essential tools in the representation of historical information.

Aaron Copland :: essays research papers

Aaron Copland Aaron Copland was the embodiment of what a composer can hope to become. Copland was very much in touch not only with himself and his feelings, but with the audience he intended to reach. Very few composers have a concrete idea of what "types" of people they wish their music to reach. Copland was one of these few. The "Common Man" was the central part of much of his volumes of music strived to reach. Copland felt that, ". .everyone should have a chance to see things through this music. Limiting who can understand it only limits your usefulness" Throughout his 75+ years as a composer and conductor, he touched the lives and hearts of as many people as he could. Copland was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1900 to fairly affluent parents. Because of his family's financial status, he started formally training as a teen, and moved to Paris where he became the first American student of Nadia Boulanger. It was here that Copland developed much of his neo-classical style. Although he enjoyed the precise structure that Boulanger had taught him, Copland's heart was truly in creating music that people other than musicians could appreciate. It was upon his return to America in 1924 that he decided that he would write ". . .truly American music." He traveled throughout America, getting a taste of what the "common man" was listening to. During these travels he strayed into Mexico, and wrote the highly successful El Salon Mexico. A quote from the fall of 1932 sums up his intentions in writing this piece: "Any composer who goes outside his native land wants to return bearing musical souvenirs." This is exactly what he did. The piece is a lively adaptation of Frances Toor's Cancionero Mexicano, with a very loose tempo, and heavy use of the horn section. It was after the success of El Salon Mexico that Copland proceeded to produce what is now considered the epitome of "American" music. He combined his neo-classical schooling with jazz-like syncopation and a new, more "open" use of old chordal progressions. He created Billy The Kid in 1938, producing the first "Western" musical. The score achieved a remarkable balance between outright humor and pathos, and oftentimes bordered on tragic. It was this base understanding of humanity that made Copland's music what it is. Many texts also refer to a certain built in sympathy that Copland may have had for the main character, citing his homosexuality as a cause for his deep understanding of what it is to be looked down upon by society.

Conquering My Fear of Writing Essay -- Literacy Narrative Essays Paper

Conquering My Fear of Writing Lacking experience in writing and reading, English is my most feared subject. It is the one and only vulnerable spot in my otherwise invincible academic armor. I hate writing and I despise reading. Other than magazines, I cannot recall reading anything since "The Crucible" which was a teacher assigned book in my sophomore high school English class. Not that I read a lot before that, I don't remember reading any books in my middle school years neither. Now, with this writing assignment since a long time, my brain feels like an old rusty engine of an 81 Porsche cranking up for the first time in years, readying to compete in the heat. My parents and my favorite math teacher always told me that I'm a very bright individual and my accomplishments in other subjects prove that. I approached and conquered the subjects of math, science, and history like a paladin in gold, yet faced with writing, I would coward in fear. To me, writing equals to nothing more than stress and frustration. A useless hassle and senseless boredom which I thought was too stupid to waste effort on. Therefore I have shied away from this department for as long as I can remember and focused all my energy toward the areas I have strength and faith in. The writing compartment in my brain is very restricted. I lack flexibility in the use of words and phrases. A typical sentence of mine, starts with "I", "It", "Because", "The", "But", "Therefore". It is extremely difficult for...

Do Not Count Your Chickens Before They Are Hatched

This is a famous story that a man was very poor and lived hand to mouth. Happy go lucky, he earned a gold coin. He was very glad by that and started ejecting his future. He dreamed that by selling this gold coin, he will buy several chickens which then lead to a poultry farm. With so much earning with the poultry he will buy cows and goats and as it seems, he will become very rich soon! While he was in the state of highest level of expectations, he was so deeply sank into the sea of never ending wishes that he didn’t see main-hole opened. His foot intersected with it and he fallen and that gold coin ran to the main-hole. All his dreams shattered and the castles he built in air ended in smoke. Although the story is quite humoristic but there are lessons in it. Say you have 6 eggs, and you invest in feed and a cage large enough to feed and house 6 chickens, but only 1 egg hatches. There goes most of your investment down the drain. All events happen in a line. For example, you first get the job, and then you buy the car. Not the other way around. The phrase tries to explain that you should not think about the car until you get the job. In the case of the chicken, you should first focus on hatching the eggs before you focus on how much money you are going to make from selling the chickens. While looking ahead is wise but it is foolishness that one would start enjoying and thinking things before they happen or simply become closet-strategist. One must not, also confuse serpentine wisdom with day-dreaming. Suppose we are planning a trip to Northern Areas of Pakistan and estimate the budget, plan the routes or possible stops or booking advance the hotels etc. , this is outlook or planning, which in turn can save us from many troubles. On the other hand if we think in such a way that what games we are going to play? How much enjoyment we will be having? What will we do if we see the snowfall? Will we throw snow balls at each other? This is dreaming which can cause disappointments or upsetting. The conclusion is we should not think about the future before we reach it or simply don’t count things if you don’t have them yet because its consequences may not be the same as we think. A great many of the problems faced by the world these days is due to this reason.

Childcare and Education Unit 4

child Unit 4 – Assignment| Michelle Pieh| | Children & Play| | Rebecca Myring| 11/16/2009| | Introduction Play is the main way in which children learn and therefore play affects all aspects of a child’s development. Valuing children’s play: Props should be encouraged. Allow the use of their own experience. Own interests. Playing on their own should be encouraged. Work in a way that suits them. Adult encouragement to be engagement. Play as a way of communication. Recreate familiar themes. Transport resources to where they wish. Learn best when they are enjoying themselves. Allow for time and space. Facts about play: Through play children learn about their world. Play is considered to be a primary need of children. The stages of play change as a child grows older. The characteristics of play change as different stages of development are reached. All children go through the stages of play as they grow develop. Children develop at different rates therefore some children may take longer to go through a particular stage. D1/D7) Setting 1 – Zoo adventure play area Setting 2 – Park Setting 3 – Beach Setting 1 – A zoo adventure play area is an enclosed area containing play equipment. D7) It has wheel chair, pushchair/pram access. It has a variety of facilities ranging from a cafe with outdoor seating area for adults to sit and watch their children play to toilet facilities for all. In the play area there is specialised staff for children that have disabilities so they can help them join in with any games that are going on. The play area where the children can play has a safe outside area where children can play without parents worrying about the children getting hurt. The area is animal themed and the toys outside are animal shaped and patterned such as a swing in the shape of a lions mane and is yellow and orange to show it is a lions mane. A slide is in the shape of a zebra’s tongue the top of the steps is the head and the handles are the mouth opened wide and the slide is the tongue. Setting 2 – A park is an enclosed area where children can play without parents having to worry about their child going out of the park onto a street near a main road. There may be different parts in the park that are specially designed for each age range. For example: Babies/small children there may be a soft play area, bucket swings that a child can be harnessed into, small low sit on toys and a small slide. Aged 6 -10 children there may be a bigger slide, seesaw, roundabout, swings, small trampolines, climbing frames and tyre swings. Teenagers there may be basketball courts, tennis courts, football nets, running track, climbing wall/ abseiling wall, golf course, wire swings, zip wire, a weather pitch for all sports and a big trampoline that has a net around it to keep them safe whilst jumping. Setting 3 – The beach is a large area containing sand and water. The children like making sand castles. They also like feeling the different textures e. g. Water and sand mixed together. The children also have a chance to have a donkey ride. D7) There are also ramps for access for wheel chairs, push chairs/ prams. On the beach there needs to be parental supervision. D2) Age range for zoo – between 18-24 months to 16years Stage of play for the zoo is spectator aged between 18 months – 24months to 4 years and co – operative play for aged 4+ children. Age range for park – 2 years to 16 years Stage of play for the park is spectator 24 months to 4 years and co –operative for aged 4+ children. Age range for beach – 2 years to 16years Stage of play is spectator 24 months to 4 years and co –operative for aged 4+ children. Co – operative play is where children play together with shared goals. Play can be quite complicated and children are supportive. D3) The type of play that goes on is: Zoo – physical play Park – pretend play Beach – discovery play Zoo – At the zoo children would be involved in physical play. They would do this by finding different equipment to play on. Using all the different equipment they would exercising which would form their muscles, stamina, balance and Co-ordination. (Tassoni P, Hucker K, 2005, Pg 163) Park – At the park they would find different equipment to play on. They would pretend to act out things and pretend that they are other people. This will enable children to use their imagination and develop their own imaginative ideas. (Walker M, Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J 2008 Page 195) Beach – They would discover sand and water. They would also discover mixing sand and water. They may find shells, crabs, star fish and jelly fish. D4) Zoo is physical play – An example of a zoo play area would be playing on the monkey bars which would be developing their gross motor skills. This will develop whole body and limb movements, co-ordination and balance. Walker M, Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J 2008 page 194) Park is pretend play – An example of pretend play at a local park would be a child playing on a climbing frame that has a wheel on it and they are pretending it is a ship/boat, aeroplane/helicopter. Beach is discovery play – An example of a beach would be discovering different shells, sea life, boats, and textures of sand by building sand castles. Mixing sand and water together to make sand pies. Developing knowledge and understanding of the world. D5) Beach discovery play and Maria Montessori theory. The main points of Maria Montessori’s theory are: Children pass through particular development stages. This is the essential for the child to be able to learn. * Montessori developed a structured education programmed based on these stages, including a number of specially devised pieces of equipment that encourage children to develop certain skills. * Limited emphasis is placed on counting, reading and writing these will follow once the basic social and emotional development has taken place. * A Childs natural will to learn should be encouraged to foster a lifelong motivation for learning. * Children should be encouraged to work alone. Montessori felt the best learning occurred when children were focused, silent and completely absorbed in a task. * Montessori did not believe in free play and did not encourage children to develop their own ideas –play needed to have a learning focus. (Garhart M C, 2000, Pg 21-37) Maria Montessori believed that children learn by doing practical activities and by playing outdoors. D6) Setting 1 – zoo adventure play area * In the adventure play area with children aged 18-24 months to 16 years, an obstacle course could be arranged to include either a route over a high climbing frame or a lower route through it. The risks would be bumping into others, slipping and falling. I have chosen this activity as it will allow children to understand risks e. g. heights, bumping of the body parts. The challenge would be learning their limitations. Setting 2 – park In the park with children aged 2 years to 16 years, a park play area could be set up in the shape of a trim trail to include a variety of apparatus that provide challenges. The risks would be bumping into others, slipping and falling. The risks that the children will learn to understand are bumping into other children, slipping on play equipment and falling off of play equipment. The challenge that they might have to overcome is to see how high they can swing on a swing whilst feeling comfortable. Setting 3 – beach On the beach with children aged 2 years to 16 years, provide activities e. g. digging and making sand castles which challenges them to be sensible when handling the sand. The risk would be getting sand in their/other people’s eyes, risk of drowning in the sea, risk of being bitten by crabs and getting stung by jelly fish. The risks could be getting sand in their eyes, getting bitten by animals and drowning in the water. The challenge they will have to vercome is learning about what can happen if they touch certain animals. C1/D7) Setting 1 – zoo adventure playground Challenge and risk activity chosen in (D6) was obstacle course. Resources that would be used: * Climbing frame with monkey bars, lower and higher side. * Tunnels. * Under and over bars. Health and safety equipment: * Safe area. * Helmet. * Knee pads and elbow pads. * Safety mats, non slip floor. * Supervision. * Appropriate footwear, clothing. These resources have been chosen because: For children’s own welfare and safety. They allow children to achieve the learning outcomes that have been planned for. They meet individual children’s needs- D7. Provides different levels of play for age range and ability. Setting 2 – park Challenge and risk activity chosen in (D6) was trim trail. Resources that would be used: * Apparatus e. g. swings, balance walking logs, climbing nets, tyres, swinging logs. Health and safety equipment: * Safe area. * Knee pads, elbow pads. * Helmet. * Supervision. * Appropriate footwear and clothes These resources have been chosen because: For children’s own welfare and safety. They are appropriate to age range and stage of development of the children. They meet individual children’s needs – D7. Setting 3 – Beach Challenge and risk chosen in (D6) was digging sandcastles. Resources that would be used: * Spade. * Bucket. Health and safety: * Clean area. * Safe area. * Goggles. * Supervision from parent’s/carers. These resources have been chosen because: Encourages exploration. Encourages open minded play. They meet individual needs – D7. B1) Giving children activities that challenge them and make them understand risks by: Build’s up resilience as they become more aware of challenges that they will experience in the future and it will help them to become more comfortable, confident when faced with the kind of challenge. Bruce D. Perry M. D. Ph. D Professor of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences). Develops an awareness of potential hazards. Younger children's awareness of hazards is further raised through staff's gentle reminders, for example, prior to activities, such as cooking. Children benefit from individual towels and soap dispensers, which reduce the risk of cross? infection. To, ensure that the risk of potential hazards is minimised. Children also develop confidence and self-esteem because staffs build positive, trusting relationships with them. (Ofsted Creche report) Prevents boredom. As young children don't understand time the way grown-ups do but boredom is not always a bad thing, it can also get children thinking creatively and can pay to take a more active role in preventing boredom. (Sanders, M. R. ; Christenson, A. P. (1985). Pg’s 13, 101-117). Builds confidence. As they do the activities again again they will have confidence in doing the activity as they will know how to do it. Potential learning opportunity such as they learn that you have to follow instructions to get to the end product. Provides mental stimulation. E. g. helps children to function for longer. Maria Montessori developed a method for young children, which was rooted in the senses and involves manipulating everyday objects and following highly structured activities that engage children but rarely allow them to fail. Develops essential life skills. E. g. money, telling the time, addition/subtraction and measurements etc. Activities that provide children with a challenge and risks: Climbing frame – know their own limitations but not put off but to overcome it and be determine. Hopefully next time they won’t climb as high and only go half way so they learn from previous times. B2) Adult led sessions are often used to introduce children to exploration and investigation through play. This helps them to develop their own play agenda and ideas. Children appreciate adults who help to keep their play flowing as long as they don’t take over. How they would do this? Exploration: Involve them in activities. E. g. Building Sandcastles, Finding sea shells and stones. Encourage them to learn about new things. For example colours, numbers and letters. Plan activities that relate to children’s experiences. E. g. Places were on holiday. Encourage activities that encourage exploration. E. g. Making ice or jelly. Offer a variety of activities. E. g. collage making, beading or outdoor play. How they would do this for investigation: Provide equipment. E. g. Bucket and spade or binoculars and magnifying glass. Provide plenty of time. To allow children to finish the activity so they get the whole potential. Present activities that allow solving problems e. g. floating and sinking. Allow the children to work together. So they can work as a team member and listen to other children’s ideas and try to solve things together. Introduce new subjects and topics. To help develop further knowledge. A1) Name of theorist wrote about in D5 was Maria Montessori. Maria’s main ideas and theories are: Children pass through particular developmental stages. This is essential for the child to be able to learn. Montessori developed a structured education programme based on these stages including a number of specially developed pieces of equipment that encourage children to develop certain skills. Limited emphasis is placed on counting reading and writing. Children should be encouraged to work alone. To encourage confidence in what they think. Montessori did not believe in free play and did not encourage children to develop their own ideas. Influences on today’s practice: There are many Montessori schools throughout Europe usually privately run. The method promotes a carefully planned environment that neither allows children total freedom nor imposes activities on them. Some nurseries follow the plan completely and purchase Montessori equipment and use her theories with a flexible programme. (Garhart M C, (2000) Page 21-37) What difference (if any) might there be if the adult was aware of this theory? If the adult was aware of the theory the adult would be aware of discovery play and be able to plan activities in more depth. They will also be aware of the benefits of discovery play. How do you think the theory will affect an adults understanding of children’s play? They might think that something that the child is playing is not discovery. So this might not give the children as many opportunities. A*) The role of the adult in providing activities and supporting children’s play is to provide relevant resources to enable children to do specific activities e. g. ard making needs – card, glue, sticking things/materials. An adult also sets out a play area for the children to play in. Adults make suggestions to widen the children’s knowledge and to support them when playing. Adults should also ask the children questions to develop their understanding. The adult considers the children’s needs e. g. provide activities for different levels of needs â€⠀œ (D7). I had no idea that there was so much to play. I had no idea that there was a lot of planning towards play and how play was actually structured rather than just giving a child a toy and telling them to play. I am now more confident in advising children when they are playing. I am now in a better position as I would be able to extend opportunities by asking the child questions. I have learned all the different stages and types of play. The types of play are:| The stages of play are| Creative play. | Solitary aged 0-2 years. | Pretend play. | Spectator aged 2-2 and a half years. | Physical play. | Parallel aged 2 and a half – 3 years. | Manipulation play. | Associative – 3 – 4 years. | Discovery play. | Co – operative aged 4+ years. | Bibliography websites used www. teachingexpertise. com http://nationalstrategies. standards. dcsf. gov. uk www. ofsted. gov. uk Www. raisingchildren. net. au Bibliography books used Tassoni P, Hucker K (2005) Planning Play and the Early Years 2nd Edition. Oxford – Heinemann (Page 163) Walker, M Beaver, M Brewster, J Neaum, S and Tallack, J (2008) Child care and Education CACHE Level 2 Cheltenham; Nelson Thornes LTD (Page 195) Garhart M C, (2000) Theories of childhood—an introduction to Dewey, Montessori, Erickson, Piaget and Vygestsky. Redleaf Press – Yorkton (Page 21-37) Sanders, M. R. ; Christenson, A. P. (1985). A comparison of the effects of child management and planned activities training across five parenting environments. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Pages 13, 101-117. Professional People Bruce D. Perry, M. D. , Ph. D. , is the Thomas S. Trammell Research Professor of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine; and Chief of Psychiatry, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.

Martin Luther 95 Theses Essay

The Ninty-Five Theses was written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is broadly regarded as the major catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther was an ambiguous German monk and radiant theologian. Martin Luther started a rebellion against the church’s authority which caused the collapse of religious unity of Christendom. The Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, extended its influence into every aspect of European society and culture. Due to the increasing power, wealth, and selfishness, a squall of criticism against the church broke out during the Late Middle Ages. Martin Luther and his Lutherans followers led a revolt against the Roman Catholic Church which helped with the creation of The Ninety-Five Theses. The beginning of the European religious problems came in the fourteenth century, when the King, Pope, and Clergy began to gain massive amounts of power and wealth. The idea of medieval Christendom was a newer concept which is basically a Christian commonwealth led by the papacy. As the church tried to create this Christendom, theorists argued that the church was only a spiritual body and therefore its power did not extend to the political realm. The theorists along with the people said that the state needed no guidance from the papacy and that the clergy was not above secular law. The church was becoming more corrupt by the day, which included: nepotism (appointing ones relative to office), pursuit of personal wealth by the bishops, and sexual indulgence of the clergy. Theologians attacked the churches authority by arguing that the church did not control an individual’s destiny, instead by accepting God’s gift of faith. I think this is a very important move by the theologians, because they are sharing similar beliefs to me. I think my church and preacher are very important but not more important the God. With the advent of Lutheranism, personal faith, rather than adherence to the practices of the church, became central to the religious life of European Protestants. The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century ushered in a spiritual revolution that had a great impact on the western world. The starting point for the reformation was Luther’s attack in 1517 on the church’s practice of selling indulgences. The Roman Catholic Church taught hat some people go directly to heaven or hell, while others go to heaven only after spending time in purgatory (a period of expiation necessary for those who have sinned excessively). Later in 1517, a Dominican friar named John Tetzel was selling indulgences in the area near Wittenberg. Luther launched his attack against Tetzel and the selling of indulgences by tacking his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Wittenberg castle church. Luther’s t heses, or propositions, challenged the entire concept of selling indulgences not only as a fraudulent practice but also as a theologically unsafe postulation. At the heart of Martin Luther’s argument in The Ninety-five Theses was the belief that the individual achieves salvation through central religious feeling, a sense of repentance for sins, and a faith in God’s mercy, and that the church attendance, fasting, pilgrimages, charity, and other works did not earn salvation. The church held that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation. Luther insisted that every individual could discover the meaning of the Bible unaided by the clergy. This again was a contradicting idea of that of the Roman Catholic Church, as they believed only the clergy could read and interpret the Bible properly. I think these early defining ideas from Martin Luther were very powerful. I think a lot of people bought into these theses not only because they were believable, but because they could witness the wrongs that the church were committing. Luther argued that each person could directly and freely receive faith from God. Martin Luther’s ninety-five theses had a major effect on religion and culture in early western civilization. I do not think religion would be like it would today if Martin Luther hadn’t led his Lutherans and present his theses. In the fourteenth century, religion was basically all formed into one, especially in Europe. I think all societies in Europe, were part of the Catholic Church. Religion might not have ever broke apart and became their own version of faith with multiple Gods and ideas, if not for Martin Luther. If Martin Luther did not have the courage to act and speak out against something as important as religion, then Catholics, Baptists, Protestants, and Lutherans might very well be completely different or even nonexistent. I ike how Martin Luther wrote his theses by quoting scriptures and adding facts to support his campaign and show Europeans what they had believed and witnessed for so long, but lacked valor to reform. I think it is very significant for people to know about the ninety-five theses and how it helped change and shape religion in early European culture. I really enjoyed reading and writing about Martin Luther and his reformation because I have a strong belief in freedom of religion. I do not think religion should ever be force on someone, and that it should only be something chosen to participate in.

Class and Death Essay

Comparing â€Å"In Mrs. Tilcher’s Class† and â€Å"Death Of A Naturalist. † Concerning the loss of innocence. â€Å"The horrors of this dangerous world are shielded to the eyes of a young child. † These are the words of celebrated behavior moderator Thomas Fullerton. In this piece of coursework I am going to be conducting an in-depth analysis of â€Å"In Mrs. Tilcher’s Class† by Carol Ann Duffy and â€Å"Death of a Naturalist† by Seamus Heaney. I will be explaining exactly what these poems mean, how relevant they are to Thomas Fullerton’s description of the loss of childhood innocence. I will also be discussing the literary techniques used to achieve this, the background information on the two authors of these poems and I will also be highlighting the astonishingly similar way I think these poems have been written. Carol-Ann Duffy was born in Glasgow, but moved to Staffordshire in 1960, her father was a counsellor and the manager of a small football club. She went to Staffordshire Girl’s High School which could have been where she got some of her ideas for In Mrs. Tilcher’s Class from. She also read philosophy at Liverpool University. She lives with her 13 year old daughter Ella and her partner, Jackie Kay, as she is now a lesbian. Because of this, some of her works contain strong feminist messages, such as, ‘Standing Female Nude’ ‘The Female Gospels’ and ‘The World’s Wife’. She was awarded an O. B. E in 2002. Seamus Heaney was born in Derry on the 13th of April 1939 and had eight brothers and sisters to compete with while growing up. In 1947 he went to St. Columb’s college in Derry, but was transferred to Queen’s University. In 1953 his brother, Christopher Heaney, was knocked down by a car. Seamus was distraught and expressed his feelings through many poems including Mid-term Break. He taught at Queens’s University for a while, just writing poems for a hobby, but he quickly became famous for his work and decided to shift his concentration on writing poems full-time. In 1965 he married Marie Delvin and a year later they had their first son Michael. This was the same year that â€Å"Death Of A Naturalist† was published. In 1968 he had another son, Christopher named after his dead brother. Seamus Heaney mostly writes about himself and his past, like Death Of A Naturalist and Mid-Term Break, so that his emotions of love, mourning and general repulsion are realistic. As we have seen both of these authors have children which would help them to see things the way a child would see them and also help them to recall their old experiences back once again. These two poems differ in many ways, but the alikeness is still quite striking. The two poems are both split by time. In â€Å"Mrs. Tilcher’s Class† the poem is split into four stanzas, underlining the change of season, whereas in â€Å"Death of a Naturalist† the poem is split into two stanzas, showing the change in time when childhood innocence is lost. Both of these poems depict the protagonist growing up. In Carol Ann Duffy’s poem, she uses second person narration and tells of how she can’t wait to grow up, for example † you run through the gates impatient to be grown. † , whilst in â€Å"Death Of A Naturalist† He tells of how he is frightened of growing up and it revolts him. â€Å"I sickened, turned and ran† for example. Both of these poems have a teacher, Mrs. Tilcher and Miss Walls, both female, who are considered to be the authority figures, who are wise, loving and always reliable to tell you something that you don’t know or don’t really understand. E. g. I Mrs. Tilcher’s class â€Å"you asked her how you were born. † And In death of a Naturalist â€Å"Miss Walls would tell us how the daddy frog was called a bullfrog. † The fact that these poems are written by different genders changes their views on growing up entirely; Carol-Ann Duffy is excited at the prospect, as she attempts a go at adult language by saying â€Å"the heavy sexy sky. † While Seamus Heaney is nervous and afraid of the world by thinking that â€Å"The great slime kings were gathered there for vengeance. † He means the frogs of course. Both poems feature frogs, which is a very basic way for children to learn but not fully understand the concepts of sex. Basically it tells the children how the frogs got there whilst not revealing the whole process. We could also view the frog spawn that both poets include to be a child’s view of sperm, as they wouldn’t really know about it. Carol-Ann Duffy goes one step further and says â€Å"A rough boy told you how you were born. † Which really takes a leap towards the loss of childhood innocence as children wouldn’t have heard about sex or birth before. The two poems are made to make the readers feel differently about childhood innocence and growing up. Carol-Ann Duffy makes the reader feel safe, but aware of the dangers that are going on outside school. â€Å"Brady and Hindley, fading like the faint, uneasy smudge of a mistake. † She couldn’t really be bothered about that because the teacher would keep you safe. Carol-Ann Duffy is very excited about growing up and thinks that its great, but doesn’t really know what is to come as she says that â€Å"the sky is sexy. † without knowing how to properly use the word. In Death of a Naturalist Heaney is curious about nature in the first stanza and would very much like to get involved in nature despite the horrible odours and scenes, but in the second stanza, nature repulses him and he sees it as a weapon when he says that the frogs were â€Å"poised like mud grenades. † This shows us that his childhood innocence has gone, as he feels in a somber, panic-stricken mood. Both poets use a very clever array of literary devices. Carol-Ann Duffy tends to focus on metaphors â€Å"the inky tadpoles changed from commas to exclamation marks† similes â€Å"like the faint uneasy smudge of a mistake† and personification â€Å"An xylophone’s nonsense† to give the reader a good idea of how children see the world. Seamus Heaney tends to focus on onomatopoeia â€Å"coarse croaking that I had not heard before. † He does this to draw the readers in and then repulse them. In Mrs. Tilcher’s Class is not very well structured in terms of rhythm, as the lines lengths are all over the place to show how a child speaks without being embarrassed, but in Death of a Naturalist it is structured to a long steady beat to around ten or eleven syllables per line to make it easier to read. There is scarce rhyme in Mrs. Tilcher’s Class as a child couldn’t structure a rhyme, but Seamus Heaney does include some. Overall I find that the two poemse remarkably similar as they are both school based involve frogs as an early guide to sex and talk about the loss of childhood innocence. However they both have completely different views to how good it is.

Second paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Second paper - Essay Example It, however, on occasion, continues the noble nuances of chivalrous love, but it is still fundamentally a genuine human sentiment, encompassing physical desire, sensuality, eroticism, and sexual attraction, on the one hand, and commitment, affection, gentleness, and personal emotion, on the other. And the search for love is, as Boccaccio expresses in the Fourth Day, a vital element of human life. Per se, it is never wrong, humiliating, or immoral to love because it is one of the most important elements of life’s natural order; seeking love is a natural instinct, wherein it is somewhat correct and appropriate to take a passionate and uninhibited pleasure. Such is Boccaccio’s personal belief expressed in the book’s Conclusion, in response to the allegation of decadence or immorality. Love stories are never immoral; love is a natural instinct, and is totally healthy; if these stories upset the mind, then that mind is ill. Boccaccio likens it to wine, which is perfect for the hale and hearty person, and damaging only to the sick; and to weapons and firearms, which are useful tools when correctly used, and immoral or destructive if misused. Therefore, the search for love in the Decameron is at liberty, free from fake humility, hypocrisy, prejudice, doubts of conscience, and guilt. Love is an honest, straightforward, and unrestrained emotion that manifests itself completely and liberally, a desirable, appealing emotion to which no one is invulnerable, and which thus recognizes not any of the false prohibitions and constraints which modern society tries to inflict on it. Boccaccio argues that it is correct and unavoidable tha t the search for love will transgress and ignore social norms every time they force to contradict the genuine expression of